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Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Rules, 1955

Government Notice 253 of 1955

Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Rules, 1955
Citation
Government Notice 253 of 1955
Primary work
Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Act
Date
31 July 2002
Language
English
Type
Government Notice
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Tanzania
Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Act

Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Rules, 1955

Government Notice 253 of 1955

  • Published in Tanzania Government Gazette
  • Commenced
  • [This is the version of this document at 31 July 2002.]
  • [Note: This legislation was revised and consolidated as at 31 July 2002 and 30 November 2019 by the Attorney General's Office, in compliance with the Laws Revision Act No. 7 of 1994, the Revised Laws and Annual Revision Act (Chapter 356 (R.L.)), and the Interpretation of Laws and General Clauses Act No. 30 of 1972. All subsequent amendments have been researched and applied by Laws.Africa for TANZLII.]
[Section 33; G.N.s. Nos. 253 of 1955; 393 of 1955]

Part I – Preliminary provisions (regs 1-2)

1. Short title

These Rules may be cited as the Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Rules, 1955.

2. Interpretation

In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires—"Act" means the Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Act;"British Standard Specification" means the relevant and current specification of the British Standard Institution of the article or material to which reference is made;"cement" means cement complying in all respects with the British Standard Specification for Portland cement, it means concrete composed of cement, clean washed sand or grit and clean gravel, stone or other suitable material in the proportions by measure water to produce the maximum strength;"cement mortar" means mortar composed of cement and clean washed sand, grit or other suitable material in the proportions by measure stated in these Rules and thoroughly mixed with clean water;"drainage work" means the construction, installation, laying, concerting, fixing, repair or removal of any pipe, drain, lateral drain, private sewer, gully, cesspool, septic tank, private sewage filter installation, or other works for the conveyance, discharge, reception, or disposal of sewage in connection with any premises, or of any waste pipe, soil pipe, trap, urinal, water closet, slop hopper, sink, bath, lavatory basin, ventilation pipe, anti-siphonage pipe or any drain fitting or water flushing cistern, or any works connected with the discharge of liquid, or solid matter into any drain, private sewer, cesspool, septic tank, private sewage filter installation or other like receptacle for drainage of or otherwise connected with the drainage of any premises;"foul sewer" means a sewer used or intended to be used for the carriage of foul water;"fresh air inlet" means an inlet to a drainage system provided for the introduction of air for ventilating the drain;"grit" means suitable stone crushed and graded from three-sixteens of an inch or finer;"gully trap" means an appliance for receiving waste water or surface water and passing it to the drain through a trap;"grease trap" means a type of gully trap constructed for the retention and removal of grease, petroleum spirit or similar matter from waste water;"inspection chamber" means a chamber constructed on a drain to permit of its inspection and cleansing;"interception trap or interception" means a trap insert in the run and at the top of the lateral drain;"lime mortar" means mortar composed of good lime of suitable quality and clean washed sand or grit or other clean and suitable material in the proportions by cubic measure of not less than one part lime to three parts sand and thoroughly mixed with clean water so as to obtain the maximum strength;"occupier" includes any person in actual occupation of land or premises without regard to the title under which he occupies and in case of premises subdivided and let to lodgers or various tenants the person receiving the rent payable by the lodgers or tenants whether on his own account or as agent for any other person;"owner" as regards immovable property includes any person receiving or accepting any money or cheque in respect of rent or profits from any tenant or occupier thereof or who would receive rent and profits if the premises were let whether on his own account or as agent for any other person;"proper officer of the Authority" means any servant of the Authority who is authorised by the Authority, generally or specially, to act on behalf of the said Authority under these Rules;"pavement drain" means any pipe or channel, laid in a footpath or pavement and in connection with the disposal of rain, storm or surface water;"sand trap" means a chamber constructed on a drain for the interception and removal of sand and grit;"sewer connection" means any pipe junction, saddle junction or other contrivance constructed in or on any public sewer for the purpose of joining a lateral drain to such sewer;"soil pipe" means any pipe fixed on or in any building for the purpose of conveying soil water;"soil water fitting" means any water closet pan, slop hopper or urinal and any water fitting adapted or designed for the reception of matters of excremental character;"subsoil drain" means any drain designed or used for the removal of subsoil or ground water;"waste pipe" means any pipe for conveying waste water;"waste water fitting" means any bath, lavatory basin, sink, bidet or similar fitting.

Part II – General matter affecting sewers and drains protection of public sewers (regs 3-31)

3. Excavations near public sewers

(1)No person shall excavate, open up or remove, or cause to be excavated, opened up or removed the ground around, under or near to or to carry out or cause to be carried out any work around, under, near or liable to cause injury or destruction to any public sewer or lateral drain without the written consent of the Authority first obtained and no person shall injure or destroy or cause to be injured or destroyed any public sewer, disposal works or any works in connection therewith vested in the Authority.
(2)Building over public sewersNo person shall construct or cause to be constructed any building over a public sewer save with the written consent of the Authority first obtained.
(3)Type of sewer over which building may be permittedThe Authority may give written consent to the construction of a building over a public sewer provided that such sewer is constructed of cast iron or steel or if of stoneware, concrete or asbestos cement the sewer is encased all round and throughout the length of sewer which may be under the proposed building in not less than 6 inches of 1: 3: 6 concrete; consent shall not at any time be given to erect a building over a man-hole or other means of access to a sewer.
(4)Foundations of building crossing line of sewerIn the case of foundation of a building crossing the line of a sewer such foundation shall rest on a reinforced concrete beam or arch so constructed over such line of sewer that the nearest points of bearing of such beam or arch shall be at least four feet distant horizontally from the outside of such sewer.
(5)The Authority may make good any excavation, damage or other matter or alter, demolish or otherwise deal with any work, building or structure carried out or erected contrary to this section as it may see fit and may recover the expenses incurred in so doing as a civil debt from the offender.

Connection with public sewers (regs 4-10)

4. Form of notice to connect with public sewers

The notice required to be given in pursuance of subsection (1) of section 12 of the Ordinance for communication with a public sewer shall be in Form 1 in the Schedule to these Rules, and shall be sent to the Authority at least twenty-eight days before the communication is required to be made. Separate notices shall be given in regard to communications with—
(a)foul sewers; and
(b)sewers for storm water.

5. Analysis may be required

(1)Upon receipt of a notice for communication with a public sewer, the Authority may require fair and just samples of any gaseous, liquid or solid waste, sewage or effluent conveyed or to be conveyed to such sewer to be taken and analyses by any responsible and qualified person designated by it, who shall deliver to the Authority true analyses of such samples. The costs and expenses connected with the taking and analysing of such samples shall be defrayed by the person or persons applying for permission to connect a drain or drainage works to such sewer.
(2)If, as the result of such analyses, the Authority is satisfied that the gaseous, liquid or solid waste, sewage or effluent conveyed or to be conveyed by such drain or drainage works is of such a character as would be likely to cause a nuisance or be dangerous or be injurious, it may require to be installed upon the premises from which such gaseous, liquid or solid waste, sewage or effluent originates and at the expense of the person or persons applying for permission to connect such drain or drainage works to a sewer, a satiable screening and treatment plant and such gaseous, liquid or solid waste, sewage or effluent to be caused to pass through such plant.

6. Power to require special inspection chamber for taking samples

The Authority may require the owner or occupier of any premises from which any gaseous, liquid or solid waster, sewage or effluent is conveyed or will be conveyed to any sewer to construct on his premises, liquid or solid waste, sewage or effluent, an inspection chamber of such size (not being less in horizontal internal dimensions than 3 feet x 6 inches) and of such special form as it may think fit, and any duly authorised officer of the Authority shall at all times have access to such chamber and may examine the character of the discharge from such premises.

7. Admission of storm water to a foul sewer

A condition precedent to the approval which may be given under paragraph (ii) of subsection (2) of section 8 of the Act shall be that the storm water or any drain for the conveyance thereof discharges directly into the open air over or into a trapped gully and above the level of the water therein and any drain for the conveyance of storm water from such gully is constructed as though it were a drain for the conveyance of foul water and complies with the rules prescribed for the construction and maintenance of foul water drains.

8. Only one lateral drain from a building to a sewer

(1)Except where there are in the opinion of the Authority special circumstances, there shall be only one lateral drain to any kind of sewer from a building or several building or several buildings situate within the same curtilage.
(2)Where two or more buildings are to be drained in combination by a private sewer, except where there are, in the opinion of the Authority special circumstances, the whole of the respective drainage systems of each building shall be required to drain into such private sewer, and there shall be only one lateral drain connecting such private sewer with the public sewer.
(3)Subrules (1) and (2) of this rule shall not apply to such storm water downpipes as the Authority may permit to discharge into the kerb or open channel of any street.
(4)In every case where permission for more than one lateral drain is granted by the Authority under this rule, a report setting out the special circumstances for the granting of such permission shall be made to the Director of Public Works.

9. Drainage works in streets and other public places

(1)No person shall carry out any drainage works connected with any private premises in any street, sidewalk, arcade, access lane or other public place vested in or under the control of an Authority, nor in carrying out such works, disturb the surface of any street, sidewalk, arcade, access lane or other public place as aforesaid, without the consent in writing of the Authority.
(2)The grant of a written consent by the Authority for the carrying out of any drainage works as stated in subrule (1) of this rule shall automatically impose upon any person carrying out such drainage works the obligation to erect such barriers, hoarding and shoring and to take such precautions as may be necessary to ensure the safety of public and private services underground, on the surface or overhead and of the public at all times. Such drainage works shall be carried out in a workman-like and expeditious manner and under such special conditions as the Authority may impose.
(3)Nothing in this rule contained shall be held to impose any liability whatsoever on the Authority for any damage sustained by any person arising out of the carrying out of such drainage works as aforesaid.

10. Drainage works through private land

Where in pursuance of section 11 of the Act, the owner of any premises intends to construct or repair a drain or private sewer in, on, under or over any land not owned or occupied by him and not forming part of a street, he shall give notice of his intention in Form 2 in the Schedule to these Rules to every owner and occupier of such land, and also to the Authority, and shall inform the Authority of the date on which the notice on the owner and occupier or, if more than one notice is required to be served, the date on which the last of such notices was served. The Authority shall not proceed to consider such notices for the purpose of giving its consent in pursuance of the said section until the expiration of twenty-one days from the date of the service of the notices on the owner and occupier or, if more than one notice was served, from the date on which the last of such notices was served. Upon the consideration of such notices the Authority shall have regard to any objections to the proposed construction or repair of such drain or private sewer which may be sent to it in writing by any owner or occupier of the land adjacent thereto, and shall not give its consent as aforesaid to any such works unless it is satisfied that such works are, in the circumstances of the case, reasonable and necessary. The Authority may make its consent dependent upon the modification of the works proposed in such manner as the Authority may specify or may impose any other conditions which in the circumstances appear to it reasonable or necessary; but nothing in this rule contained shall be held to impose any liability whatsoever on the Authority for any damage sustained by any person arising out of the carrying out of such drainage works as aforesaid.

Miscellaneous provisions (regs 11-26)

11. Forms

The forms set out in the Schedule hereto shall, subject to any alterations or modifications which the Authority may make, be used for the purpose specified in the appropriate rule or section of the Act.

12. Drainage of new buildings and sites thereof

(1)No person shall erect a building unless the whole of such building and the site thereof can be effectually drained by the construction of soil and waste water, storm and surface water and subsoil water systems of drainage capable of being connected with any available public sewer, cesspool, youthful or any other place into which the individual kinds of such systems of drainage may lawfully empty:Provided that the Authority may properly dispense with any provision for drainage or in exercise of its powers under section 14 of the Act may properly dispense with any provision for latrine accommodation but in such cases the Authority shall communicate immediately with the Director of Public Works stating the full circumstances of the case and its reasons for so doing.
(2)No person shall extend or alter any building or carry out any repairs to a building where such extension, alteration or repair concerns any matters mentioned in these Rules unless such extension, alteration or repair shall conform in every manner with these Rules:Provided that this rule shall not apply to so much of the lowest stored of a building as comprises a cellar or basement intended for the purposes of storage only and constructed in a dry soil or so as to be impervious to water unless such cellar or basement in constructed at variance with any enactment for the time being in force relating to the construction of cellars or basements.

13. Cesspools and septic tanks not to discharge into sewers

(1)No person shall cause or permit any discharge or overflow from any cesspool, septic tank or any like receptacle or sewage or drainage to communicate in any way with any way with any public sewer:Provided that where a sewer or sewerage system does not ultimately discharge into a sewage disposal works the Authority may, for the purpose of an immediate and necessary connection or reconnection to a sewer, grant a permit for such discharge or overflow to enter a sewer. Such permit shall be for a period not exceeding twelve calendar months and it shall be incumbent upon the owner of any property in connection with which such permit shall have been issued to carry out and complete before the expiration of such permit such drainage system of such property from any cesspool, septic tank or any like receptacle into which soil or waste water discharge and to make the drainage system of such property discharge independently into such sewer or into such other sewer as the Authority may dire. In the latter case that is to say discharge into a sewer other than that sewer into which such discharge has previously been made the owner shall not be called upon to bear any additional cost entailed thereby.
(2)In every case where the Authority shall grant a permit under the proviso to subrule (1) of this rule a report setting out the special circumstances for the granting of the permit and containing all details of the property and drainage system concerned shall be made to the Director of Public Works. Should circumstances beyond the control of the owner of any property in connection with which such permit shall have been granted prevent the re-organisation of the drainage system of such property as required under the proviso to subrule (1) of this rule, the Director of Public Works may after due consideration of an application lodged by the Authority with him not less than two calendar months before the expiration of such permit allow the Authority to extend the period of such permit for such time as he may determine.

14. Maintenance of drainage works, etc.

(1)The owner or occupier of any premises shall, at his own expense, maintain all drains, drainage works, fittings and appurtenances in connection with the collection and disposal of foul water and waste water and storm water constructed upon or in connection with such premises in an efficient and clean condition and in a proper state of repair and free from obstruction to the satisfaction of the Authority.
(2)In all cases where two or more buildings owned or occupied by more than one owner or occupier are drained in combination by a private sewer, such owners or occupiers shall jointly and severally be responsible for the duty of, and for any costs and expenses incidental to, maintaining and repairing such private sewer.

15. Stoppage, etc., in drains

(1)Upon receipt of information as to a stoppage, or as to the existence of any injurious matters as set out in section 8 of the Ordinance in any drain constructed upon or in connection with any premises, the Authority shall cause a written notice as in Form 3 to be served upon the owner or occupier of such premises requiring him forthwith to cause the stoppage or injurious matters to be removed. If such owner or occupier fails to comply forthwith with the requirements of any such notice as aforesaid or if such owner or occupier cannot immediately be found, the Authority may itself cause the stoppage or injurious matters to be removed and may recover in a summary manner as a civil debt the expenses incurred in so doing.
(2)Where two or more buildings owned by more than one owner or occupied by more than one occupier are drained by a combined system of drainage, the costs and expenses incidental to the removal of any such stoppage or injurious matters as aforesaid shall be apportioned between the owners or occupiers of such buildings in such manner as the Authority shall determine, provided that where the stoppage takes place or the injurious matter exists in a section of any such drain used by one owner or occupier only the costs and expenses incurred in its removal shall be borne only by the owner or occupier of the building served by such section.

16. Traffic ways over public sewers

No person shall without the written permission of the Authority alter or construct any drive, yard or car park where any part of such drive, yard or car park passes or is intended to pass over any public sewer.

17. Specifications for private sewers

Private soil and waste water sewers not exceeding 6 inches in diameter shall in all respects conform to the requirements of these Rules relating to soil and waste water drains but soil and waste water sewers exceeding six inches in diameter shall be constructed in accordance with specifications approved by the Director of Public Works and tested in such manner as the Authority may require.

18. Disposal of foul water, waste water and storm water where no sewer exists

In all cases where no available sewer exists, all drains, drain fittings, soil water and waste water fittings and storm water fittings, pipes or appurtenances shall be in accordance with such of these Rules as may be applicable, and the disposal of solid water, waste water and storm water arranged within the plot boundaries or some other suitable place, in a sanitary and efficient manner to the satisfaction of the Authority, unless suitable drains for the carriage and disposal of such soil water and or waste water and or storm water have been provided to the satisfaction of the Authority. Connections to such drains shall in each case not be made until the approval of the Authority has been obtained.

19. Plans and particulars to be submitted to the Authority

(1)Every person who notifies an Authority of his intention to erect or make any alterations or additions to a building under the provisions of any building rules or by-laws for the time being in force and every person who intends to connect the drainage system of any existing building with any sewer or to carry out any drainage work shall furnish the Authority with plans and particulars set out in Form 4 in the Schedule hereto:Provided that the owner or occupier of any building who intends, or is required by the Authority under the provisions of the Act to make any alterations or additions to any existing drainage works in connection with such public building shall furnish the Authority with such plans and particulars as the Authority may require.
(2)Plans contravening rulesAn authority may disapprove of any plans submitted under these Rules on the ground that they show a contravention of or do not comply with any provision of these Rules.
(3)Approval of plans, etc.The Authority shall have the same powers of approving or withholding approval of drainage plans and notices of alterations or additions to drainage works, as it has in regard to building plans under any building or other rules for the time being in force:Provided that such powers shall not be exercised where approval of the withholding of approval would be at variance with the requirements and provisions of the Act and of these Rules.

20. Plans to be in quadruplicate

(1)All drawings, plans and descriptions shall be furnished in quadruplicate of which one copy shall be on opaque linen. Two copies (including the opaque linen copy) shall become the property of and be retained by the Authority, one shall become the property of and be retained by the local authority where that is not the Authority for the purpose of the Rules and the fourth, on approval, shall be signed and returned to the applicant.
(2)Quality and workmanship of plansAll drawings and plans submitted in accordance with these Rules shall be of a quality approved by the Authority and the Authority may refuse to approve any drawings and plans which are not of a reasonable standard of draughtsmanship. The fee or fees payable to the Authority in respect of every plan or set of plans-submitted or re-submitted in amended from shall be in accordance with the provisions of any building rules or by-laws for the time being in force.

21. Quality and workmanship of drainage materials and works

Workmanship on all drainage works shall be to the satisfaction of the Authority. Any work which is of inadequate strength or is unsatisfactory will be rejected. The quality of materials shall be not less than as specified in the Rules and where no specification is given the quality shall be suitable and to the satisfaction of the Authority.

22. In urgent cases work may be carried out before submission of plans

Notwithstanding anything contained in these Rules, where, in consequence of an existing nuisance or a case of infectious disease on any premises, the carrying out of any drainage work on such premises is a matter of urgency, a Medical Officer of Health may issue a certificate of urgency to the owner or occupier of such premises, and thereupon such owner or occupier may proceed forthwith to carry out such work before submitting to the Authority the plans and particulars required by these Rules but, in such case he shall without delay notify the Authority that the work is being so carried out:Provided that such plans and particulars shall be submitted to the Authority within fourteen days of the commencement of the work:Provided further that nothing contained in this rule shall be deemed to relieve the person carrying out such work from the necessity of complying, in the carrying out of such work, with the provisions of these Rules and any other law for the time being in force.

23. Notice to be given of commencement of work

(1)Every person who intends to carry out any drainage work shall, unless he has been issued with a certificate of urgency under the provisions of rule 22 of these Rules, give to the Authority in writing at least forty-eight hours' notice excluding Sundays and public holidays, of the date on which such work is to be commenced.
(2)The submission of plans or particulars as provided in rule 20 of these Rules shall not be deemed to be a notice under this rule.
(3)If for any reason the execution of any drainage work has been suspended for more than seven days, notice as provided in subrule (1) of this rule shall be given to the Authority of the date on which the work is to be resumed.

24. Inspection and testing of work

(1)Every person who carries out any drainage work shall—
(a)notify the Authority in writing in the Form, 5 in the Schedule to these Rules, as soon as the whole of such work is ready for inspection and testing by the Authority, and before covering up such work;
(b)afford to any duly authorised officer of the Authority every facility for inspections and testing of the work as such officer may deem necessary.
(2)No person shall—
(a)cover up any drainage work until it shall have been passed as satisfactory by the duly authorised officer of the Authority, unless the Authority shall have failed to cause such work to be inspected or tested within fourteen days of the receipt by it of the notice referred to in paragraph (a) of subrule (1) of this rule;
(b)use or permit to be used any drainage work until such work shall, after final inspection and testing, have been passed as satisfactory by the duly authorised officer of the Authority, unless the Authority shall have failed to cause such final inspection or testing to be carried out within fourteen days of the receipt by it of the notice referred to in paragraph (a) of subrule (1) of this rule.
(3)When any drainage work has been passed as satisfactory after inspection and testing as provided in this rule certificates in Form 6 in the Schedule to these Rules shall be issued by the duly authorised officer of the Authority to the owner of the property concerned and to the person who carried out the work.

25. Testing and condition of new drainage works

(1)The tests to be applied to new drainage works shall be as follows—
(a)every pipe drain intended to be used for the carriage of foul water shall be subject to and shall be required to pass a test by either of the following methods at the discretion of the person applying the tests—
(i)Water testthe drain to be tested shall be filled with water so that it is under a head of water not less than 2 feet nor except in the case of drains of cast iron or steel, greater than 10 feet. The maximum permissible loss of water in any non-metal drain under test shall be 1 cubic inch in 5 minutes for every 10 linear feet of 4-inch diameter drain under test and 1.5 cubic inches in 5 minutes for every 10 linear feet of 5 and 6-inch diameter drain under test. Cast iron and steel drains shall be required to be absolutely watertight and may be subjected to a water pressure test of 10 lb. per square inch;
(ii)Testing with a U tube and airsuch test shall consist of air under pressure in the pipes holding up a column of water of 3/8 inch diameter and inches high. The drain shall be deemed to pass the test if such column of water shall not fall more than 1/2 inch in one leg in 5 minutes;
(b)Inspection chambersinspection chambers shall be tested by filling them with water to a depth not exceeding 10 feet and shall be required to be absolutely watertight;
(c)Soil and vent pipessoil and vent pipes shall be tested by subjecting them to an air pressure test equivalent to 4 inches of water. Such pipes shall be passed if they withstand such test for 5 minutes and are absolutely airtight
(2)DefectsAny defects which may be found as the result of the test as set out in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of subrule (1) of this rule or otherwise shall immediately be made good in such a manner as to conform to the provisions of these Rules.

26. Power to examine and test drains

(1)Where it appears to an authority that there are reasonable grounds for believing that any latrine accommodation, drain, sewer, cesspool, soil pipe or waste pipe is defective or in such a condition as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance, the Authority may examine its condition, and for that purpose may apply any of the tests specified in subrule (2) of this rule, and, if necessary, open the ground.
(2)In the case of drainage works originally tested in the manner provided by rule 25 of these Rules, the test to be applied under the powers conferred by subrule (1) of this rule shall be any of the test therein enumerated, but in any other case the tests shall be a smoke, chemical, coloured water or other similar test:Provided that in the case of any existing drain, soil water fitting or soil pipe which is in, or which passes under or through, any building, such drain, fitting or pipe may be tested by any of the tests enumerated in rule 25 of these Rules.
(3)If on examination the sanitary convenience, drain, sewer, cesspool, soil pipe or waste pipe is found to be in a proper condition, the Authority shall, as soon as possible, reinstate any ground which has been opened by it and make good any damage done by it.

Licences (regs 27-31)

27. Licence for drainage work

No person shall construct or carry out any drainage work unless such person shall be in lawful possession of a licence obtained from the Authority authorising him so to do. Such licence shall be in the form of a sanitary fitter's licence or a drainlayer's licence, as in Forms 7 and 8 of the Schedule hereto, and any person to whom any such licence as aforesaid shall have been issued by the Authority shall be empowered to construct or carry out such works only in respect of such licences as are specified as follows—
(a)Sanitary fitter's licence. Every person to whom a sanitary fitter's licence shall have been issued by the Authority shall be entitled to carry out any drainage work in connection with the construction, fixing, laying, repair or removal of pipes, valves, traps, drains or other apparatus or appliance connected with the drainage of any premises but not to lay or construct any drain with cement mortar joints, inspection chamber, cesspool, septic tank, sewage filter installation or other works for the treatment or disposal of sewage except any such work that may be recognised by the Authority as being the work of a sanitary fitter.
(b)Drainlayer's licence. Every person to whom a drainlayer's licence shall have been issued by the Authority shall be entitled to lay or construct any drain with cement mortar, inspection chamber, cesspool, septic tank, sewage filter installation or other works for the treatment or disposal of sewage, but not to carry out the work of a sanitary fitter:
Provided that nothing contained in the provisions of this rule shall be deemed to prohibit any workman carrying out any such works as aforesaid where such workman shall carry out such work under the direction, supervision and control of a licensed sanitary fitter or a licensed drainlayer:

Application

Provided further that this rule shall only apply to such municipalities, townships and other areas as the Governor may, by notice in the Gazette, declare.

28. Only competent persons to be licensed

No sanitary fitter's licence and no drainlayer's licence shall be issued by the Authority to any person until such person shall have satisfied the Authority as to his competency to carry out the work of a licensed sanitary fitter or of a licensed drainlayer, and the Authority may require any person who shall apply for a sanitary fitter's licence or a drainlayer's licence to submit himself to examination by such a body of persons as the Authority may appoint for the purpose.

29. Registration of licensed person

Prior to the issue of a sanitary fitter's licence, or a drainlayer's licence by the Authority to any person, such person shall be required to sign a register, which shall be kept by the Authority, containing a declaration that he accepts such licence subject to, and that he shall conform with, the conditions thereof and with the provisions of these Rules and any other regulations or rules relating to drainage work.

30. Licence to be produced for inspection

Any person to whom a sanitary fitters licence or a drainlayer's licence shall have been issued by the Authority under these Rules shall, if called upon at any reasonable time to do so, produce his licence for the inspection of any duly authorised officer of the Authority.

31. Cancellation of licence

The Authority may at any time cancel any licence issued to any sanitary fitter or drainlayer under the provisions of these Rules if the Authority shall be satisfied that such licensed sanitary fitter or such licensed drainlayer has, either by himself or his workmen, caused or permitted any drainage work to be carried out in a negligent or unworkmanlike manner to the injury of any person or property, or contrary to any of the provisions of these Rules or any other regulations or rules relating to drainage work:Provided that prior to the cancellation of any such licence as aforesaid the person whose licence it is proposed to cancel shall be given an opportunity of appearing before the Authority, or before a committee appointed by the Authority, and being heard in his own defence.

Part III – Specifications and detailed requirements for the construction of foul water drains and the erection of fittings, etc. (regs 32-53)

32. Drains connected to sewer to comply with rules for new drains

Any drain, drain fitting, soil water fitting, waste water fitting or pipe or appurtenance connected therewith, which shall form part of a system of drainage, connected or to be connected to any public sewer, shall comply in all respects with the specifications contained in these Rules:Provided that, with the written consent of the Authority, any of the foregoing articles which existed before the enactment of these Rules, and which contravene any of these Rules may be used in connection with any drainage system connected or to be connected with a public sewer if such article is in a clean, sound, serviceable and sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the Authority.

33. Drains constructed for carriage of foul water to comply with requirements

Any drain constructed for the carriage of foul water shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)Excavationsexcavations shall be taken out neatly and shall be timbered as may be necessary and shall be kept as dry as practicable; backfilling of excavations shall be made as solid as possible;
(b)Size of pipes
(i)such drain shall be of adequate size but shall not be less than 4 inches in diameter except that branch drains from a single stall urinal may not be less than 2 inches in diameter. Drains of greater diameter than 4 inches shall be used only where the Authority considers larger pipes to be necessary;
(ii)Gradientssuch drain shall be laid with a proper fall, such fall being whenever practicable within the following limits—
Drain other than the lateral drain conveying both waste water and soil water.Diameter of pipe: 2 inches, 2 0.5 inches, 3 inches, 4 inches, 5 inches and 6 inches.Maximum fall (over 50 feet in length) 1-20.Minimum fall 1-12 1-16 1-22 1-40 1-50 1-60:Provided that in the case of spun bitumen lined steel pipes and asbestos cement pipes for falls given in the foregoing table may be reduced by 25 percent:Provided that, except in special circumstances, no drain conveying soil water only shall be laid with a fall exceeding:
Length of drain from soil water fitting or soil pipe4 - inch diameter and over
Up to 15 feetUnlimited fall
15 to 50 feet1 - 8 fall
over 50 feet1 - 25 fall
(iii)Minimum cover to pipessuch drain, unless of cast iron or steel or constructed as described in this paragraph, shall not have less than 2 feet 6 inches of cover in a carriage drive or yard used by light traffic, 3 feet 6 inches of cover in a street and 1 foot 6 inches of cover in places elsewhere than as aforementioned. Where a drain of any material whatsoever is especially liable to injury from any cause, and in every case of pipes of material other than cast iron or steel which shall have less than the prescribed minimum cover, the Authority shall require such drain to be entirely encased in 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 6 inches in thickness all round the drain;
(c)Foundation for drainssuch drain shall be laid with the barrel of the pipe on a good solid and even bed, free of irregularities and if so required by the Authority, such drain shall be laid on an adequate and efficient bed of concrete or supported upon a sufficient number of piers constructed of concrete or other suitable material. Pipes shall not at any time be laid so that the sockets support them either in part or in whole, but a hole shall be cut in the earth or concrete so that the socket hangs entirely free; such socket holes shall be filled solid with earth or concrete after the pipes have been tested. Where a pipe is laid on a bed of fresh concrete the concrete shall be firm and without excess water and such that the bedded or laid pieces shall not subsequently move out of grade or alignment before the concrete has set:Provided that where any such drain as aforesaid is of any material other than cast iron or steel and is to be laid on made or unstable ground, such drain shall be laid on a bed of 1: 3: 6 concrete not less than 6 inches in thickness and projecting on each side of the drain to an extent not less than 6 inches from the exterior of the barrel of the pipes, and the pipes shall be haunches with 1: 3: 6 concrete for the full width of the bed to the top of the barrel:Provided further, where any such drain as aforesaid is of cast iron or steel and is to be laid on made or unstable ground or above ground, such drain shall be supported on 12-inch square piers of concrete not less in strength than 1: 3: 6 mix and on an adequate foundation of similar grade concrete not less than 20 inches square and 6 inches thick and the whole support if so required shall be adequately reinforced; one such pier shall be at the back of each socket of the pipes and the distance between the centres of any two pairs shall not exceed 9 feet; the pipes shall be supported on the piers on a cast iron or other suitable plate firmly fixed to the top of such piers, and lightly held in position by an iron or other suitable type strap coated against corrosion in the form of an inverted U with the ends firmly embedded in the pier and if so required by the Authority, rollers and an expansion joint used;
(d)Jointing of cast iron drain pipesif such drain be of pipes of cast iron or other metal approved by the Authority jointed with ordinary socket joints, the joints shall be made with plain spun yarn and molten lead or lead wool properly caulked home and finished off one-sixteenth of an inch inside the socket; if such drain shall be jointed with flange joints the joints shall be securely bolted together after some suitable insertion for jointing has been placed between the flanges; if the Authority so approves patent mechanical joints may be used;
(e)Jointing of non-metal drain pipesif such drain be of stoneware pipes of material other than metal (other than pipes with patent joints acceptable to the Authority), the joints shall be made with strand of tarred spun yarn, three or more in number as may be necessary only to hold the pipes concentrically, tightly driven into the socket, and the remainder of the socket shall be filled up with 1: 3 cement mortar and bevelled off at an angle of 60 degrees from the outside of the pipe to the outer edge of the socket all around. All sand used for jointing pipes and fittings shall pass a 20 x 20 mesh sieve;
(f)Pipes to be truly laidall joints of pipes and drain fittings shall be smooth and free from intrusion; all straight lengths of pipe in any drain shall be laid true to line and gradient;
(g)Sizes and weights of cast iron drain pipesif such drain be of cast iron, it shall conform to British Standard Specification No. 437 of 1933 for cast iron drain pipes. The weight of any effective length of pipe shall not be less proportionately than the minimum weights prescribed in the following table—
Internal diameterThickness of metal not less thanMinimum weight (including socket and spigot)
2 inches9/32 of an inch42 lb. per 9 feet effective length
3 inches5/16 of an inch98 lb. per 9 feet " "
4 inches3/8 of an inch157 lb. per 9 feet " "
5 inches3/8 of an inch186 lb. per 9 feet " "
6 inches3/8 of an inch225 lb. per 9 feet " "
All specials and fittings shall conform to the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists:Provided that where such drain is a lateral drain of cast iron under the foregoing specification such lateral drains shall have a minimum cover of 2 feet and shall otherwise be in accordance with paragraph (b)(iii) of this rule;
(h)Stoneware drain pipesif such drain be of stoneware, the thickness of the pipes, the depth of the sockets and the annular space for the cement shall not be less in any case than in prescribed in the following extract from British Standard Specifications No. 65 (1937) and No. 540 (1937)—
Internal diameterThickness of pipeDepth of socketAnnual space for the cement
3 inches7/16 of an inch2 inches5/16 of an inch
4 inches0.5 of an inch2 inches3/8 of an inch
5 inches9/16 of an inch20.5 inches7/16 of an inch
6 inches5/8 of an inch21/4 inches7/16 of an inch
(i)Drain fittingsif such drain has bends, junctions, gullies, traps or other drain fittings of either salt-glazed ware or salt-glazed glass enamelled fireclay, such drain fittings shall comply in all respects to British Standard Specification No. 539 (1937);
(j)Steel pipesif such drain be of steel, the pipes, specials and fittings shall conform to the British Standard Specification No. 534 (1934) for steel socket and spigot pipes. Coverings or linings shall not show any tendency to flow or creep at a temperature of 170 degrees Fahrenheit and they shall both in laying be made continuous at all joints. The thickness of the pipes, specials and fittings shall not be less in any case than in prescribed in the following extract from the above specification—
Nominal bore of pipeExternal diameterThickness S. W. G.Inches
3 inches3-76 inches110-116
4 inches4-80 inches100-128
5 inches5-90 inches90-144
6 inches6-98 inches80-160
(k)Asbestos cement and other pipesif such drain be of asbestos cement or other material not hereinbefore specifically mentioned but approved by the Authority the pipes, specials and fittings shall conform in all respects to the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists or to such specification as may be approved by the Director of Public Works;
(l)Joints not to be built into walls or foundationsno joint of such drain shall be built into any wall or foundation except where any other mode of construction is impracticable;
(m)Minimum annual spacethe annual space in any joint shall not be less than 1/4 inch at any point;
(n)Drains in or under buildings
(i)except as hereinafter provided, and then only where other means of drainage are impracticable, a person shall not construct a drain or a building so that the drain shall pass under or through the building:Provided that where a drain is constructed under or through a building, such drain shall be of cast iron or steel or, if of other material, shall be completely surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 6 inches in thickness all round the pipes; or such drain of cast iron or steel may be carried above ground and supported by a sufficient number of iron, steel or other suitable brackets or upon a sufficient number of suitable piers constructed of iron or cement concrete as specified in the second proviso of paragraph (c) of this rule:Provided further that this subrule shall not be construed as prohibiting the laying of drains in accessible and specially constructed service ducts or shafts where such ducts or shafts are not at variance with any building by-laws, rules or regulations for the time being in force;
(ii)Drain to be laid in direct lineany drain laid under or through a building shall be laid in a direct line and to one grade from chamber to chamber, situate outside the building:Provided that where this is impracticable an intermediate chamber or access box constructed in accordance with paragraph (e) of rule 41(2) shall be provided at any change in direction or grade;
(iii)Protection of drains under wallsin every case where any such drain is laid beneath or through a wall such drain shall be protected by means of an arch, lintel or suitable metal support of sufficient size and strength to prevent any disturbance or other injury to such drain, and there shall be at least 2 inches' clearance all round the drain;
(iv)Connections to soil water fittingssubparagraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) of this proviso shall not apply to the non-metal pipes and fitting, not exceeding 8 feet in horizontal length, which may be necessary for the direct connection of a soil water fitting with a drain if such non-metal pipes and fittings shall be securely embedded in 1: 3: 5 concrete at least 6 inches in thickness all round the pipes;
(o)Junctions for testingif such drain other than one of cast iron or steel be of such length and gradient that the maximum head of water placed in the drain for testing purposes would exceed 10 feet, a square junction or junctions shall be inserted in the drain and the drain tested in sections. On the completion of the tests such square junctions shall be sealed as specified in rule 38(1) hereof.

34. Drop leads or back drops

(1)A drop lead shall be constructed either outside or inside an inspection chamber. Where the drop is on a branch drain and is greater than two feet in height and such branch drain is likely to carry an almost continuous flow, the invert to such branch drain below the drop lead shall be constructed as the lowest invert in the inspection chamber, and all other drains emptying into that inspection chamber shall do so at half channel height above such lowest invert.
(2)MethodsDrop leads may be made in accordance with one of the following methods—
(a)By pipes externallyan external drop may be constructed immediately outside the walls of inspection chambers, with vertical pipes on gradients not exceeding 1 in 20 or with pipes at 45 degrees for gradients steeper that 1 in 20. In either case a properly curved double spigot drop lead junction shall be used in conjunction with a 90 degrees or 45 degrees bend at the bottom, such bend being not less than 18 inches in length. The straight arm of the junction shall be extended, bedded firmly on the concrete filling mentioned and hauched with 1: 3: 6 concrete to the inside wall of the inspection chamber to provide access for rooding. The drop lead may be constructed in any approved type of drain pipes but in any case all pipes shall be surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concert at least 6 inches in thickness outside the pipes and the whole of any excavation below the normal line of drain in connection with the construction of such drop lead shall be filled with 1: 3: 6 concrete after the pipes are laid; or
(b)By pipes internallyan internal pipe drop lead may be constructed inside inspection chambers if the pipes are of cast iron or steel in accordance with paragraphs (g) and (j) of rule 33. The bend at the top of such drop lead shall be of 90 degrees with a ridding eye which shall be so placed as to be readily accessible and the bend at the bottom shall be of 90 degrees firmly embedded in the benching of the inspection chamber, and where the vertical pipe between such two bends exceeds 4 feet in length such vertical pipe shall be firmly secured to the wall of the inspection chamber. In every case the horizontal dimensions of the inspection chamber shall be increased in one direction by an amount not less than the greatest horizontal projection of the drop lead into such inspection chamber and in the other direction by the external diameter of the pipe; or
(c)By a rampnotwithstanding the requirements of paragraph (1) of this rule, a ramp may be formed in the floor of any inspection chamber where the difference in level between two drains does not exceed 2 feet. The invert of every ramp shall be made as a double and reverse vertical bend and shall be so constructed as to permit the easy and satisfactory insertion of testing appliances into the drain and no branch drain shall enter the inspection chamber in the area occupied by the ramp nor shall any branch drain enter the inspection chamber unless such inspection chamber is increased in size by an amount equal to the area occupied by the ramp:Provided that notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph (e) of rule 41(1), where a drop lead is constructed in cast iron or steel and the length of the horizontal pipe does not exceed 8 feet and a wide socketed special pipe is used such drop lead may be continued upstream as a non-metal drain but 1 foot of such metal drain and 4 feet of the adjacent non-metal drain shall be surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 6 inches all round.

35. Inlets to drain to be trapped

Every inlet to a foul drain not being an inlet from a soil water fitting, or provided as an opening for the ventilation of such drain shall be properly trapped by an efficient trap so constructed as to be capable of maintaining a sufficient water seal. No person shall construct or fix in or in connection with any such drain any trap which has not been approved by the Authority.

36. No right-angled junctions to be made

(1)Every branch drain or tributary drain shall, at the point of junction, join another drain obliquely in the direction of the flow of such drain and at half channel height above the main channel.
(2)All bends and turnings shall be truly curved and any alteration in the size of the drain shall be properly tapered and of good shape. If any bend, junction, pipe or any drain fitting is cropped, trimmed or shortened, shall be fair and in one plane and not more than 5 degrees from the square section of such bend, junction, pipe, or fitting at the point of such cropping, trimming, or shortening. When any bend, junction, pipe or drain fitting (whether whole or part only) is fitted and joined to any other bend, junction, pipe or drain fitting, the centre lines or tangents at the point of junction of the two articles when fitted and joined shall not be at a greater angle than 5 degrees from the straight. Knuckle bends shall not be used except at the foot of a ventilating pipe unless no other type of bend is serviceable and then only with the consent of the Authority.

37. Connections with public sewers

(1)Where a public sewer is a pipe sewer a connection shall be made by means of a 45 degrees junction provided for the purpose or, if this does not exist, by means of a saddle junction or by cutting out a pipe on the sewer and inserting a suitable junction pipe in accordance with rule 39.
(2)Where a public sewer is a concrete channel, the connection shall be made by cutting away sufficiently the top of the side of the sewer to join the branch securely to the sewer by means of 1:3 cement mortar or in other manner approved by the Authority; such junction shall not cause any diminution to the cross sections of either the sewer or the drain.

38. The lateral drain for foul water

(1)A lateral drain shall where practicable be laid in one direct line from the intercepting chamber to a foul sewer, and the fall for a 6-inch diameter pipe may be greater than 1 in 20. A square junction shall be inserted in the lateral drain as near to the sewer connection as possible, in order that a stopper may be inserted in the drain for testing purposes. On the completion of the required test, the square junction shall be sealed and surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 6 inches in thickness all round.
(2)One bend and one interceptor only allowedIt shall not be permissible for more than one bend to be inserted between the interceptor and the sewer connection or for two or more interceptors to discharge into the same lateral drain:Provided that—
(a)where the sewer is over 10 feet to invert, a romped pipe not less than 7 feet long shall be allowed in conjunction with a maximum change of vertical direction of 45 degrees from the horizontal;
(b)where on a deep sewer a vertical pipe constructed at the same time as such sewer exists and finishes either with or without a bend to the horizontal and either with or without a junction a connection may be made to such vertical pipe, bend or junction;
(c)where, although the sewer is less than 10 feet in depth to the invert the proximity of the interceptor to the sewer is such that a bend joined to such interceptor is necessary in order to make a fair joint and give the required rake to the lateral drain, such bend may be used;
(d)where a direct line from the sewer junction to the interceptor is crossed by a water main, storm water drain or other public service, an extra bend may be used.
(3)Bend to be concretedAny bend in connection with a lateral drain shall be securely bedded on 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 4 inches thick. If so required by the Authority in order to prevent possible movement, the band near the connection to the sewer shall be backed with 1: 3: 6 concrete between it and the sewer.
(4)Minimum cover of 3 feet 6 inchesWhere the cover to the pipes in a highway or a place which may be used by vehicular traffic is less than 3 feet 6 inches, the mode of construction shall be—
(a)stoneware or pipes other than of cast iron or steel surrounded with at least 6 inches of 1: 3: 6 concrete;
(b)cast iron pipes or steel pipes.

39. Inserting saddle junction

(1)A saddle for a pipe other than a pipe of cast iron or steel shall be of the oblique type only and of correct size and shape to fit the pipe to which it is to be joined, and when fitted shall not project through the internal circumference of the pipe. The hole over which the saddle is to sit shall be carefully cut out to the required shape and the remaining pipe must not be cracked or damaged in any way. The saddle shall be firmly jointed to the pipe with 1: 3 cement mortar and set on a bed of 1: 3: 6 concrete. Unless such joint is made with cement mortar and concrete containing a quick setting substance, such joint must be allowed to set for twenty-four hours before the next pipe is laid to the saddle. In any case the saddle shall be inspected by the Authority before the next pipe is laid.
(2)Inserting pipe junctionWhere an ordinary junction is to be inserted in a pipe line, the pipe or portion thereof to be removed shall be carefully cut away without damage to any of the pipes which are to remain.In the case of—
(a)a socketed pipe line other than of cast iron or steel the top half of the socket immediately downstream of the one to be taken out and the top half of the socket of the junction to be inserted shall be cut off and the junction shall be inserted upside down and turned over into position; cut sockets shall be jointed and made good with 1:3 cement mortar and surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concrete;
(b)cast iron or steel pipes a section of pipe shall be cut out and a junction with a socket inserted and the two spigot ends shall be made good with a loose collar properly jointed.
(3)Junctions in pipe drains having patent jointWhere a pipe drain is of patent joint other than of the socket (plain or patent) type, the Authority may permit the removal of a section of the drain and the replacement of such section by a junction pipe either of a socketed type or double spigot type jointed into the drain in such manner as the Authority may determine.

40. Drains to be trapped from public sewers

(1)All drains and private sewers communicating with any public sewer shall be provided with an approved intercepting trap having an efficient water seal with a vertical drop of 2 inches from the invert of the inlet channel to the maximum level of the water seal and an inspection or ridding arm not less than 4 inches in diameter with an airtight stopper. Such interceptor shall be placed at a point as near as may be practicable to the public sewer and within the curtilage of the building which such drains serve. Such inter emptor shall be constructed in conjunction with an inspection chamber built in accordance with rule 41, shall be set on, and that portion outside the walls of the inspection chamber shall be surrounded by, 1: 3: 6 concrete 4 inches thick:Provided that with the written permission of the Authority and when any other position is impracticable such inspection chamber and interceptor may be constructed in a street or other suitable place:Provided further that where a private sewer or system of private sewers is connected to a public sewer and such private sewer or sewers is or are ventilated in accordance with the general arrangements for public sewers and each separate connection is trapped by means of an intercepting trap as provided by this rule, the Authority may dispense with the provision of this rule.
(2)Stopper not to be removedNo person shall remove or cause to be removed in any circumstances the stopper sealing the inspection or ridding arm in such interceptor except for the purpose of inspecting or cleaning the lateral drain or youthful pipe and then only in the presence of a responsible officer of the Authority. When such stopper has been removed it shall be replaced in an airtight condition immediately upon the completion of the inspection or cleaning. Such stopper shall not in any circumstances whatsoever be left out from or loosely placed in the inspection or ridding arm so as to allow of the passage of any liquid, solid or gaseous matter, in either direction, through the arm. The occupier, of if there be no occupier, the owner of a building which is served by such intercepting trap shall be responsible if such stopper is inefficient locking contrivance, fitted with a chain attached to a metal hook not less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness fixed to the wall not more than 3 inches from the underside of the inspection chamber cover or slab.

41. Provisions of inspection chambers in with drains

(1)Inspection chambers shall be provided in the following positions—
(a)at every point in such drain where connection two or more drains shall converge:Provided that, notwithstanding the provisions of rule 36 and subrule (2)(h) of this rule; the Authority may grant permission for the use of curved oblique junctions, together with, if so required, a long bend not greater that 45 degrees, for the connection of a branch drain from a ridding eye gully trap to a main drain. Such junction shall be made in the direction of flow, and at an angle with the main drain of not more than 45 degrees. Opposite junctions shall not be permitted;
(b)at every point in such drain where there shall occur any angle, bend, deviation from a direct alignment, change in gradient, difference in level or alteration in size:Provided that pipe bends shall be allowed without an inspection chamber, for the necessary connection of soil pipes, gullies, soil water fittings and the like to a drain, if such bends are surrounded on all sides by at least 4 inches of 1: 3: 6 concrete;
(c)at such point that no part of such drain shall be more than 50 feet distant in the length of such drain from the centre of an inspection chamber:Provided that no connection shall exceed 20 feet in length, measured from a gully-trap, without an approved ridding eye, soil pipe or soil fitting, to the centre of an inspection chamber:Provided further that in private sewers exceeding 6 inches in diameter it shall be permissible to provide inspection chambers or manholes at such points that no part of such sewer shall be more than 125 feet distant in the length of such sewer from the centre of an inspection chamber of manhole;
(d)where such drain shall communicate with a sewer or any private sewer shall communicate with a public sewer, within or without the curtilage of a plot, at a point as near as practicable to the point of entry of the drain into the sewer or of the private sewer into the public sewer. Such inspection chamber shall contain the interceptor and shall be termed the intercepting chamber:Provided that where an authority has agreed to dispense with an interceptor in accordance with the second proviso to rule 40(1) such inspection chamber or manhole shall be built at the junction of a private sewer with the public sewer and in a manner to be determined by the Authority;
(e)where in such drain there shall be a change in the type of pipe from metal to non-metal or vice versa.
(2)Construction of inspection chambers
(a)Every inspection chamber shall be of such internal dimensions as the Authority shall require, save that the finished internal horizontal dimensions of inspection chambers shall be governed by the number of inlets which shall have a horizontal distance between outside of pipes at their point or entry in the inspection chamber of not less that 4 inches and that in any event the minimum internal dimensions of these chambers shall be—
Depth to inventSizeSizes
(i)up to 1' 6"1' 6" x 1' 6" 
(ii)up to 3' 0" if exceeding 1' 6"2' 0" x 1' 6" 
(iii)up to 5' 0" exceeding 3' 0"3' 6" x 2' 0" 
(iv)if greater than 5' 0"3' 6" x 2' 6" 
Such dimensions shall not except with the permission of the Authority and subject to such conditions as the Authority may prescribe be reduced throughout the entire height of the chamber from the benching to the underside of the cover or slab;
(b)Foundationsthe foundations of inspection chambers shall be constructed of 1: 3: 6 concrete and shall extend over the whole area covered by such inspection chambers. The minimum thickness of the foundations below the underside of the lowest channel shall be—
(i)five inches where the depth to invert does not exceed 5 feet;
(ii)eight inches where the depth to invert is more than 5 feet:
Provided that where in the opinion of the Authority the ground is unstable, pile, reinforced concrete or concrete foundations of a depth and superficial area required by the Authority shall be provided;
(c)Wallsevery inspection chamber shall be constructed of brickwork built in 1: 4 cement mortar or of 1: 3: 6 concrete, not less than 5 inches in thickness (including the cement rendering) where the walls are not more than 3 feet in height, and not less than 9 0.5 inches in thickness (including the cement rendering) in all other cases and shall be watertight up to the level of the adjoining ground surface, and shall be rendered with 1: 3 cement mortar at least half an inch in thickness and finished with a smooth surface:Provided that, if the concrete is finished to a smooth surface and free of honeycombing, it shall not be necessary to render the walls;
(d)Cover slabsthe cover slabs of inspection chambers (when such slabs are permitted) shall be of 1: 2: 4 concrete and—
(i)not less than 4 inches thick, where the shorter span does not exceed 3 feet, and with adequate mild steel reinforcement suitably placed; or
(ii)not less than 6 inches thick where the shorter span does not exceed 4 feet 6 inches and with adequate mild steel reinforcement suitably placed:
Provided that in situations where inspection chamber covers specified in paragraph (f)(iii) of this subrule are permissible and where the shorter span does not exceed 4 feet 6 inches, cover slabs may be not less than 4 inches thick with adequate mild steel reinforcement suitably placed;
(e)Inspection chambers in buildingsin the case of drains which pass under or through buildings and which do not pass in a straight line or in one grade from chamber to chamber situate outside the building, an intermediate chamber of chambers shall be built with walls not less than 9 inches thick, rendered in 1: 3 cement mortar not less than three-quarters of an inch thick inside. The cover shall be of the double cover screw down type on rubber or other watertight and airtight seating and shall be made and maintained watertight and airtight:Provided that where such drain be of cast iron or steel and it is impracticable to build an intermediate chamber as above, a suitable watertight and airtight cast iron or steel access box junction or bend shall be used;
(f)Movable cast iron covers to be fittedevery inspection chamber shall be fitted with a strong, movable airtight cast iron manhole cover and frame of fine quality metal and of adequate size and approved design and construction, fixed not lower than the surface of the adjoining ground or floor and so that surface or rain water cannot course over it. Such frame shall be securely bedded on 1: 3 cement mortar with an adequate fill all round outside so that it shall not move. The minimum sizes of clear opening for covers for inspection chambers referred to in paragraph (a)(i) of subrule (2) of this rule shall be 18 inches x 18 inches and for those referred to in paragraphs (a)(ii), (iii) and (iv) of subrule (2) of this rule shall be 24 inches x 18 inches. The weights and types of manhole covers shall in all cases be such that they shall be sufficiently strong to bear any traffic which it is considered by the Authority to be likely to pass over them but the combined minimum weight of covers and frames, excluding inside sealing covers or plates, shall not be less than—
(i)in private carriageways subject to use by light vehicles only and public footpaths which are not accessible to vehicles.Size 18" x 18" weight 3/4 cwt.Size 24" x 18" weight 1 cwt.Size 24" x 24" weight 1.5 cwt;
(ii)in all places subject to the passage of any vehicles other than those mentioned in (i) above—Size 18" x 18" weight 21/4 cwt.Size 24" x 18" weight 3 cwt.Size 24" x 24" weight 3 3/4 cwt;
(iii)in position within a curtilage where it is impracticable for vehicular traffic to pass over the inspection chamber—Size 18" x 18" weight 42 lb.Size 24" x 18" weight 56 lb.Size 24" x 24" weight 112 lb;
(iv)the weights of covers of sizes which are not specified in subparagraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) above shall be in the same proportions to sizes as those specified therein respectively:Provided that covers of special types and manufacture may be used if approved by the Authority and if of at least equivalent strength to those specified above;
(g)Where slabs are not allowedwhere the depth of an inspection chamber is less than 3 feet from ground level to invert, it shall have a movable cast iron cover or covers of the entire internal horizontal dimensions of such chamber, and where a chamber is greater than 1 foot 6 inches and less than 3 feet in depth no one cover shall have a clear opening less than 432 square inches in area or 18 inches in width, the whole of such opening being situated within the horizontal limits of such chamber;
(h)Channelsbranch drains shall discharge into the main channel by means of splay channel bends. A pipe, whether of a branch drain or of the main drain, shall not project inside the walls of an inspection chamber by more than 2 inches. Channels shall be of salt-glazed or glazed fireclay ware of half round or three-quarter section as may be required to prevent riding or splashing, or at the discretion of, and where the Authority is satisfied that the standard of workmanship is satisfactory, of 1: 3 cement mortar, well formed and rendered smooth. Where the continuous pipe system is used, level invert junctions and bends with access boxes may be used in conjunction with an inspection chamber;
(i)Benchingthe sides of the channels in every inspection chamber shall be brought up vertically to a height not less than the diameter of the drains and in any event sufficiently high to prevent riding or splashing from branch drains, and shall be in 1: 3: 6 concrete; such benching shall be sloped up from the tops of the channels at an angle not less than 20 degrees nor more than 30 degrees from the horizontal and rendered with 1: 3 cement mortar of at least 0.5 inch thickness finished with a smooth surface:Provided that a benching shall not be so high above the invert as to prevent easy access to the drain;
(j)Accessno person shall cover up or allow to be covered up the cover or covers of any inspection chamber or access box so that it is not readily located and easy of access;
(k)Exclusion of flood waterif an inspection chamber is so placed that the cover is liable to be submerged or partially submerged, by reason of floods or from any other cause, such inspection chamber shall be provided with a cover of the double cover screw-down type in accordance with subrule (2)(e) of this rule.

42. Ventilation of drains

Every drain shall be adequately ventilated and shall comply with the following requirements—
(1)
(a)at least one untapped opening shall be provided to such drain, which opening shall be situated as far distant as may be practicable from the point at which such drain communicates with a sewer, septic tank or cesspool, and additional untapped opening shall be provided at the upper extremity of every branch drain not less than 4 inches in diameter which exceeds 20 feet in length or which if less than 4 inches in diameter exceeds 12 feet in length and which receives any soil water or waste water. Such untapped opening shall be obtained by carrying up vertically a pipe or shaft, of an internal diameter of not less than 4 inches in the case of the main drain or in the case of a branch drain not less than the diameter of such drain with which it is immediately connected, to such a height and in such a position as to afford by means of the open end of such pipe or shaft a safe outlet for foul air and so as effectually to prevent any escape of foul air from such pipe or shaft into any building in the vicinity thereof, and in no case to a less height than 3 feet above the eaves of any adjoining roof or to a less height than 5 feet above the top of any window, door, ventilator, chimney not carried up as a stack with an enclosed flue or other opening into a building which shall be within an unobstructed distance of 20 feet from the open end of such pipe or shaft, whichever shall give the higher vent, or to a less height than 10 feet above the adjoining ground level. Such pipe or shaft, if unsupported for a length of more than 4 feet, shall be properly stayed with not less than two mild steel rods at least three-eighths of an inch in diameter or 0.11 square inches in cross-sectional area, protected against corrosion:Provided always that the soil pipe of any water closet, in every case where the situation, sectional area, height and mode of construction of such soil pipe is in accordance with requirements applicable to the pipe or shaft to be carried up from such drain, may be deemed to provide the necessary opening for ventilation which would otherwise be obtained by means of such last-mentioned pipe or shaft;
(b)No bends allowedexcept where unavoidable, no bend or angle shall be made in any pipe or shaft used in connection with any of the arrangements hereinbefore specified;
(c)Gauze to be used to exclude mosquitoesevery pipe or shaft used in connection with any of the arrangements hereinbefore specified shall be adequately protected at the top by copper or brass mosquito gauze, which shall be securely fixed in such manner as to prevent the passage of mosquitoes and shall be constructed in the same manner and of the same material and weight as if such pipe or shaft were a soil pipe:

Provision of wire cage or basket

Provided that an approved grating, wire cage or basket may be substitute for mosquito gauze with the approval of the Authority.
(2)Provision of fresh air inlet
(a)In every case where any such drain communicates with a sewer, septic tank or cesspool, there shall be provided a second ventilating opening to be known as a fresh air inlet, not less in area than the pipe to which it is attached, and being not less than 12 inches and not more than 6 feet above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining such fresh air inlet. Such fresh air inlet shall in every case be connected to the drain by means of a pipe or shaft communicating with the intercepting chamber of an internal diameter throughout its entire length not less than that of the largest drain emptying into such intercepting chamber:Provided that where a branch drain emptying directly into the intercepting chamber is of an internal diameter not less than that of any drain emptying into the interceptor and does not exceed 50 feet in length, such second opening may be placed at the head of such branch drain in place of any other means of ventilation, if the Authority so approves:Provided further that where in accordance with the provisions of rule 40(1) of these Rules the Authority dispenses with the provisions of an intercepting trap in connection with any private sewer communicating with any public sewer, it shall not be necessary to provide a fresh air inlet to such private sewer.
(b)MaterialsEvery pipe or shaft which shall be constructed so as to provide any such second opening as aforesaid shall be constructed in the same manner and be of the same material and weight as if such pipe or shaft were a drain pipe or a soil pipe either below or above ground as the case may be and shall be provided with an adequate and efficient inlet valve protected by a louvre or hood securely jointed to it at the point at which it opens to the external air. The face or frame of such valve shall be of solid construction and shall not be of stamped brass of similar thin and bendable material.
(c)Mosquitoes to be excludedEvery such pipe or shaft shall be adequately protected by a copper or brass mosquito gauze which shall be securely fixed in an accessible position for inspection and in such a manner as to prevent the passage of mosquitoes.
(d)ConstructionThe vertical portion of the pipes of such fresh air inlet to the drain shall be of cast iron and shall be bedded at the foot in a block of 1: 3: 6 concrete, 15 inches x 15 inches x 15 inches and the upright pipe shall be securely fixed to a wall or other suitable stay if the top of such pipe is more than 2 feet above the level of the block of concrete;
(e)If the ventilating pipe, as described in subrule (1) of this rule, or the fresh air inlet, as described in subrule (2)(a) of this rule is connected to the drain by means of a junction pipe in the drain, the ventilating or fresh air inlet pipe shall without exception be connected to the branch of such junction.

43. No inlet to a drain inside a building

No inlet to a drain (except such inlet as may be a necessary part of the connection of any water closet, urinal or slop hopper or as permitted by rule 49 of these Rules) shall be made within a building:Provided that, where other means are impracticable, a trapped gully fixed inside a building and fitted with a suitable grating may be permitted to receive the discharge from a waste water fitting, and the connecting drain to such gully shall be vented at a point as near as possible to the trap, and such venting shall conform in construction with the provisions of rule 48(n) of these Rules for anti-siphon pipes:Provided further that the provisions of this rule shall not be construed as prohibiting the fixing of, or requiring the ventilation of the connecting drain to a trapped gully on a ground floor veranda or any portion of such veranda, so constructed as to be permanently open, but no such veranda or portion of such veranda shall at any time be closed with wire gauze or other material without the written permission of the Authority and then only subject to the waste pipe being ventilated and the gully trap fitted with a sealed cover; a trap fitted in either an open or closed veranda as permitted by this provision shall be so arranged as to prevent the ingress of storm or surface water to the satisfaction of the Authority:Provided further that this rule shall not be construed as prohibiting the connection to a drain of a waste water fitting where such connection be made in an accessible and specially constructed service duct or shaft.

44. Soil pipes

Every soil pipe or soil vent pipe shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)Situation of soil pipessoil or vent pipes shall be permanently and easily accessible for inspection or repairs;
(b)Chase and ductssoil or vent pipes may with the permission of the Authority be fixed within a building or in an external chase, and shall be subject to the following further conditions—
(i)if any soil or vent pipe is fixed in a chase or duct movable access covers shall be provided in such chase or duct at all inspection points in the soil or vent pipe;
(ii)any soil or vent pipe inside a building shall be of cast iron or other approved metal and shall have airtight socket joints;
(iii)no soil or vent pipe shall pass through any habitable room unless enclosed in a duct constructed in such manner and of such material as shall be approved by the Authority;
(iv)in no case shall any soil or vent pipe be encased within the masonry of the walls;
(c)Materials for and jointing of soil pipes
(i)such soil pipe or vent pipe shall be constructed of cast iron, asbestos cement or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority. If such soil pipe or vent pipe shall be constructed of cast iron, it shall comply with British Standard Specification No. 416 (1935) and shall be at least of "medium" grade, and if constructed of asbestos cement shall comply with British Standard Specification No. 582 (1934). If such soil pipe or vent pipe shall be of other approved material it shall comply with the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists;
(ii)such soil pipe or vent pipe shall be jointed in accordance with paragraph (d) and (e) of rule 33 of these Rules. In every case joints shall be finished off outside the socket with a splay so as to prevent the lodging or ingress of water:Provided that such soil pipe or vent pipe may be jointed in any manner or with any material not herein referred to if such manner or material is approved by the Authority;
(d)Soil pipes not to be connected with rainwater pipessuch soil pipe or vent pipe shall not be connected with any rainwater pipe or with any waste pipe or waste water fitting;
(e)Soil pipes to be trappedthere shall not be any trap in such soil pipe or vent pipe or between the soil pipe or vent pipe and any drain with which it is connected;
(f)Access to be provided atthe bend at the foot of such soil pipe or vent pipe shall be surrounded the foot of on all sides by at least 4 inches of soil pipes 1: 3: 6 concrete, and there shall be provided in such soil pipe or vent pipe adequate means of access, above the adjoining ground level and at a height not exceeding 2 feet above such level, unless, in the drain to which such soil pipe or vent pipe is connected, there is an inspection chamber within 6 feet of the soil pipe;
(g)Size and ventilation of soil pipessuch soil pipe shall be circular with an internal diameter of not less than 4 inches and shall be continued up without diminution of its diameter and (except where unavoidable) without any bend or angle being formed in such soil pipe to such height and in such a position as is required under the provisions of rule 42 of these Rules:Provided that a soil pipe fitted in connection with a basin type urinal or other type of urinal may be not less than 1.5 inches or 2 inches in diameter respectively:Provided further that where any soil pipe is not more than 8 feet in length it shall not be necessary to continue such soil pipe as a vent pipe, subject to the provisions of subrule (1)(a) of rule 42 of these Rules, but no such soil pipe which is less than 4 inches in diameter shall be fixed at a greater angle than 70 degrees from horizontal:Provided further that where any soil pipe which is less than 4 inches in diameter connects with any drain less than 4 inches in diameter and the total lengths of such soil pipe and drain together exceed 12 feet, such soil pipe shall be continued up as a vent pipe in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph;
(h)No right-angled junctionsno right-angled junctions shall be made in such soil pipe and every branch soil pipe shall join another soil pipe obliquely in the direction of the flow of such soil pipe and all bends and turnings shall be truly curved and shall not reduce the internal diameter of the pipe;
(i)Inspection eyes to be provided at all bends and junctions in soil pipessuitable provisions for the purpose of access and inspection shall be provided to such soil pipe, by means of an adequate opening with screw doors and fastenings or with a screwed metallic cap or plug at every junction or change of direction or gradient in such soil pipe:Provided that where adequate means for through ridding shall have been provided in any straight section of such soil pipe by means of adequate openings at the opposite ends of such section, the said provisions for access and inspection may be omitted in the case of any junction in such straight section as aforesaid;
(j)All joints and pipes, etc., to be watertightall soil pipes and soil fittings and joints in connection therewith shall be made and maintained in a sound and watertight condition.

45. Anti-siphonage to soil pipes

Where the Authority may consider it necessary for the prevention of siphonic action and in all cases where a soil pipe receives the discharge from more than one soil water fitting, the following provisions shall be made—
(a)the trap of the soil water fitting shall be ventilated by an anti-siphon pipe which shall—
(i)have an internal diameter not less than 2 inches;
(ii)be connected with the arm of the soil pipe at an approved point within 30 inches from the highest part of the trap, on that side of the water seal which is nearer to the soil pipe;
(iii)either have an open end as high as the top of the soil pipe or be carried into a soil pipe at a point above the highest connection to such soil pipe:Provided that it shall not be necessary to provide an anti-siphon pipe in connection with a soil water fitting which is connected to—
(i)a vertical soil pipe by an oblique soil pipe which is the highest connection to such a vertical soil pipe, if not more than one soil water fitting is connected to such oblique soil pipe;
(ii)the uppermost junction of an oblique soil pipe continued as a vent pipe;
(b)anti-siphon pipes shall comply with the requirements of subparagraphs (c)(i) and (ii) or rule 44 of these Rules:Provided that an anti-siphon pipe may be constructed of iron, lead, copper, asbestos cement or other approved material in accordance with paragraphs (e), (f), (g), (h) and (i) of rule 48.

46. Connections to soil pipes

(1)Every person who shall connect a soil pipe to a soil water fitting or to a drain shall make such connections in a suitable and efficient manner.
(2)Method of making various jointsWhere any waste pipe, soil or ventilating pipe or trap of lead is connected with an iron or copper waste pipe or trap or with an iron soil pipe or the stoneware (or fireclay) of any soil water fitting, the connection shall be made with a suitable socket, ferrule or similar appliance of brass or other suitable metal. The types of joints required shall be as follows—
(i)the joint between such socket, ferrule or similar appliance and the lead pipe or trap shall be by means of an efficient wiped joint;
(ii)the joint between such socket, ferrule or similar appliance and any pipe or trap of iron shall be made with lead, properly caulked, or in some equally efficient manner;
(iii)the joint between such socket, ferrule or similar appliance and any pipe or trap of stoneware (or fireclay) shall be made with cement mortar or in some equally efficient manner.

47. Channels or open drains

(1)A channel or open drain for the conveyance of foul water, either within or without a building shall be semi-circular and of salt-glazed or vitreous enamelled ware or of 1:3 cement mortar 0.5 inch thick. Such channels shall be laid to a fall of not less than 1: 60 and shall not be covered without the approval of the Authority. The foundation of such channels shall be of 1: 3: 6 concrete not less in width than 6 inches greater than the finished width of such channels and not less than 4 inches in thickness. Where such channel is greater in depth than the radius the sides and top shall be of glazed tiles or rendered with 1: 3 cement mortar not less than 0.5 inch thick. Rain and storm water shall be excluded from all channels and such channels shall, where required by the Authority, be protected by an adequate kerb rendered in 1: 3 cement mortar 0.5 inch thick. All renderings of cement mortar shall be finished true to shape and to a perfectly smooth face and to the satisfaction of the Authority.
(2)Length of channelsThe permitted length of channels shall be as follows—
(a)Waste water channelsan external channel for conveyance of waste water only to an external gully trap, shall not exceed 6 feet;
(b)Of open drains or foul water channelsa channel or open drain for the conveyance of foul water to an external gully trap, from an internal system of drainage in connection with any building used or intended to be used as a slaughter house, stable, cowshed or other place of like nature approved by the Authority, shall not exceed 6 feet in length;
(c)Of internal channelsinternal channels shall be permitted only in the following premises and may be of unlimited length—
(i)premises mentioned in paragraph (b) of this subrule;
(ii)laundries or rooms used for ablutionary purposes if not within a dwelling;
(iii)ice factories or seated water factories;
(iv)laboratories if such channels do not communicate with two or more rooms and do not receive the discharge from any waste water fitting other than from a sink used or intended to be used solely for laboratory work;
(v)institutional kitchens or other premises approved by the Authority, for the reception and disposal of floor washing.

48. Waste pipes and waste water fittings

Every person who shall provide or fix a waste pipe to a waste water fitting or overflow pipe to a waste water fitting in connection with a building shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)Materials for waste pipessuch waste pipe or overflow pipe shall be constructed of lead, cast iron, wrought iron, copper, asbestos cement or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority and if more than 4 feet in length shall not be fixed at a greater angle than 70 degrees from horizontal unless anti-siphonic measures are provided;
(b)Waste pipes to be trappedsuch waste pipe or overflow pipe shall be properly trapped by means of an efficient trap, at a point as near as may be practicable to the point at which such waste pipe or overflow pipe is attached to any waste water fitting:

Where traps may be omitted

Provided that the Authority may in special circumstances permit an untapped waste pipe not exceeding 6 feet in length, where such waste pipe discharges externally as under subrule (1)(i) except that such waste pipe shall always be made to discharge over an open channel not less than 2 feet in length;
(c)Traps for waste pipesevery trap fixed in connection with such waste pipe shall be constructed of material not inferior in quality to that specified for waste pipes and shall be provided on the side or underside with a screwed movable plug of adequate dimensions or some other suitable means of easy access to the interior. Every such trap shall be fixed in such manner that the whole of the trap shall be easily accessible and provided with a water seal at least 1.5 inches in depth:Provided that floor traps of approved design may be sunk into floors;
(d)Trap to be of same internal diameter as waste pipeevery trap fixed in connection with such waste pipe shall have an internal diameter not greater than that of the waste pipe to which it is connected and not less than 11/4 inches in other cases;
(e)Iron waste pipes and other fittingsif such waste pipe or fittings be of iron, such waste pipe shall be constructed either of cast iron not less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, or of wrought iron not less than one-eighth of an inch in thickness, and such waste pipe or fittings shall conform to the relevant British Standard Specification;
(f)Fixing and weight of lead waste pipesif such waste pipe be of lead it shall be of the following minimum weight according to its internal diameter—
Internal diameterPer linear yard
11/4 inches7 0.5 lb.
1.5 inches9 lb.
2 inches12 lb.
and every such waste pipe shall be fixed by means of proper lead tacks at not more than the following distances apart—
(i)vertically - at 3 feet centres;
(ii)horizontally - at 1 foot 6 inches centres;
(g)Fixing and weight of copper waster pipesif such waste pipe be of copper it shall be of the following minimum weight according to its internal diameter—
Internal diameterPer linear yard
11/4 inches2.25 lb.
1.5 inches2.7 lb.
2 inches4.17 lb.
and every such waste pipe shall be fixed by means of proper pipe clips or holderbats at not more than the following distances apart—
(i)vertically - at 6 feet centres
(ii)horizontally - at 3 feet centres
(h)Asbestos cement waste pipesif such waste pipe or fitting be of asbestos cement, then such waste pipe or fitting shall comply with the British Standard Specification No. 582 (1934) for asbestos cement waste pipes and fittings;
(i)Other types of waste pipesif such waste pipe or fitting is not of any of the materials hereinbefore specifically mentioned but is of other material approved by the Authority, such waste pipe or fitting shall conform in all respects to the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists;
(j)Sizes of waste pipesno waste pipe shall have an internal diameter of less than 1.5 inches, save that a lavatory basin waste pipe may be 11/4 inches internal diameter. No waste pipe which receives the discharge of more than one waste water fitting shall have an internal diameter of less than 2 inches save that a waste pipe receiving the discharge from not more than two lavatory basins may be of an internal diameter of 1.5 inches;
(k)Waste pipes to be fixed in accessible positionssuch waste pipe, wherever practicable, shall be fixed above floors, and in any case where such waste pipe shall be fixed below any floor it shall be provided with adequate and satisfactory means of access for the purpose of inspection and cleaning;
(l)Disconnection of waste pipes
(i)except as provided in rule 43 of these Rules, and then only subject to the provisions of this rule, where applicable, such waste pipe shall be taken through an external wall of the building at the nearest practicable point and so constructed and fixed as to discharge over an open channel communicating with a properly trapped gully or into such gully above the level of the water in the trap thereof and so as not to communicate with any sewer or other means of drainage for the reception of subsoil or storm water only. Such waste pipe shall discharge at a height not more than 3 inches above the level of invert of such channel or top of such gully, and so that any liquid or soiled matter shall be wholly conveyed into such channel or gully without splashing:Provided that, in special circumstances a ventilated waste pipe may discharge into an accessible gully trap with a sealed cover:Provided further that, where the Authority so approves, a waste pipe may discharge into a grease trap of an approved type;
(ii)Waste pipes from fittings above ground storedwhere a waste water fitting shall be on a floor above the ground stored, every such waste pipe shall discharge into a ventilated waste pipe of a suitable diameter, and if more than 12 feet in length from the trap to such ventilated waste pipe, shall, in addition, be vented in accordance with subrule (m) of this rule;
(iii)Ventilated waste pipesventilated waste pipes shall be arranged in the manner described in subparagraph (i) of this paragraph and shall be continued up without diminution of diameter and to such heights and in such position as are required under the provisions of rule 42 of these Rules:Provided that is shall be only necessary to continue such ventilated waste pipes to the height of not less than 12 inches above the eaves of the roof of such building or 24 inches above any door, window or other opening, whichever is the higher;
(iv)Ventilated waste pipes in buildingsnotwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (i) above ventilated waste pipes may with the permission of the Authority be fixed within a building or in an external chase and shall be subject to the special requirements of paragraph (b) of rule 44;
(m)Ventilation of waste pipessuch waste pipe, if more than 12 feet in length, shall be vented from a point as near as possible to the trap and such venting shall conform in construction to the provisions of paragraph (n) of this rule for anti-siphon pipes;
(n)Anti-siphonage to waste pipeswhere such waste pipes shall receive the discharge of more than one waste water fitting there shall be made such provision for the prevention of siphonic action as the Authority may require. An anti-siphon pipe shall conform to the following requirements—
(i)it shall not in any case be less in quality and specification than the waste pipe to which it is fitted;
(ii)it shall join the trap or the branch waste pipe in the direction of the flow of that pipe and at an approved point within 30 inches of the highest part of the trap, on that side of the water seal which is nearest to the waste pipe;
(iii)the branch and main anti-siphon pipes respectively shall have in all parts an internal diameter of not less than two-thirds of the respective internal diameters of the branch and main waste pipes, save that where the internal diameter of the waste pipe exceeds 3 inches the internal diameter of such anti-siphon pipe need not be greater than 2 inches:Provided that, if an approved from of anti-vacuum trap is fitted to such waste water fittings and such anti-vacuum trap conforms in all respects with the requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this rule, it shall not be necessary to fit anti-siphonage pipes in addition;
(o)Jointing of waste pipesjoints of every such waste pipe and the joints of every ventilating pipe or anti-siphon pipe provided in connection with any trap fixed to any such waste pipe shall be made as follows—
(i)if such waste pipe, ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe be constructed of cast iron or asbestos cement, the joints shall be made in the same manner as if such waste pipe, ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe were a soil pipe;
(ii)if such waste pipe, ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe be constructed of galvanized wrought iron, the joints shall be made by the pipes being butted closely together and secured by means of screwed joints and couplings in red lead or other approved compound, the depth of the couplings being equal at the least to half the diameter of such waste pipe, ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe;
(iii)if such waste pipe or anti-siphon pipe be constructed of lead, the joints shall be made by means of screwed plumber's union or wiped joint;
(iv)if such waste pipe, ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe be constructed of copper, the joints shall be made by means of a screwed plumber's union or compression joints;
(v)such waste pipe, ventilating or anti-siphon pipe may be jointed in any manner or with any material not herein referred to if such manner or material is approved by the Authority;
(p)No right-angled branch jointsno right-angled branch joint shall be made in such waste pipe but every branch waste pipe shall join another waste pipe obliquely in the direction of the flow of such waste pipe and all bends and turnings shall be truly curved. Where the Authority so requires adequate and satisfactory means of access shall be provided at any junction or bend in such waste pipe;
(q)Separate system required for waste pipessuch waste pipe and any ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe fitted in connection therewith shall be kept separate and distinct from any soil pipe or any ventilation pipe or anti-siphon pipe fitted in connection with such soil pipe;
(r)All joints and pipes, etc., to be watertightall waste pipes and waste water fittings and joints in connection therewith shall be made and maintained watertight.

49. One-pipe system

In any building where the one-pipe system will, in the opinion of the Authority, produce substantial economy or improvement in appearance the Authority may, at its discretion and on such conditions as it may prescribe, permit the construction of the one-pipe system:Provided that the design, layout, type of fitting and workmanship are to the satisfaction of the Authority and are in accordance with the requirements of any by-laws for the time being in force for such systems:Provided further that a right of appeal against any decision of the Authority under this rule shall lie with the Director of Public Works.

50. Rain water pipes not to be used for soil or waste water

No person shall cause any pipe used for the purposes of carrying off rain water from the roof of any building to be used for the purpose of carrying off soil water or to be used as a ventilating pipe or anti-siphon pipe to any drain, soil pipe or waste pipe.

51. Overflow pipes to discharge into the open air

(1)No person shall cause any overflow pipe from any water cistern, flushing cistern or water waste preventer to be connected with any drain, soil pipe, waste pipe, ventilating pipe or soil water fitting.
(2)The overflow pipe from any cistern shall discharge into the external air and, where possible, shall be in a conspicuous position, and be adequately protected against the ingress of mosquitoes.

52. Requirements of gully and floor traps

A gully or floor trap shall—
(a)be of good glazed stoneware, or other approved material;
(b)in the case of a gully trap have a water seal of not less than 2 0.5 inches in depth and an outlet of not less than 4 inches in diameter, and in the case of a floor trap have a water seal of not less than 1.5 inches in depth and an outlet of not less than 2 inches in diameter;
(c)except where otherwise required by the Authority be of the washout type with the bottom of the well rounded;
(d)be well and securely fixed in a surround of not less than 4 inches of 1: 3: 6 concrete and fitted with an approved movable grating or cover, and protected against the ingress of surface or storm water by a solid kerb, smooth on the inside, at least 4 inches in height above the adjoining found level;
(e)Ridding-eye trapsif a ridding-eye gully trap be of approved type with a sealed but removable airtight cover on the outlet side of the water seal, the bend, where such exists, connecting the trap to the straight drain shall be of the type known as a long bend and not of a greater curvature than 45 degrees.

53. Special traps for prohibited matter

(1)The Authority may, by written notice addressed to the owner of any premises from which the waste, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, discharges or is to be permitted to discharge into any drain which communicates with any public sewer, and contains or may contain any fat, grease, oil, petroleum spirit, slaughterhouse waste, sand, detritus or similar matters as prohibited under section 8 of the Ordinance require such owner within a reasonable time, to be specified in such notice, to provide and fix at the position at which such waste discharges or may discharge into such drain and in connection with the drainage of such premises, inverted siphon or U-type traps (straight though sedimentation chambers shall not be permitted) of such patterns and forms of construction as may be required by the Authority and approved by the Director of Public Works. All such waste shall pass through such traps and such traps shall properly and efficiently intercept all such prohibited matters:Provided that this rule in so far as it concerns fat, grease, oil, petrol, spirit, slaughterhouse waste or similar matters shall not be applied to the drainage system of a dwelling and ancillary buildings used solely for non-industrial and non-commercial purposes:Provided that this rule may be applied to any premises the drainage system of which does not connect with a public sewer should the Authority consider that the application of this rule be necessary for the satisfactory drainage of such premises.
(2)Removal of prohibited matterEvery trap as required by subrule (1) of this rule shall have a suitable non-corrosive tray or basket or other approved arrangement by means of which prohibited matter may be removed completely from such trap. Removal of prohibited matter shall be carried out at least once daily or as may be determined by the Authority and it shall be the responsibility of the occupier, or in the absence of an occupier, the owner of any premises in connection with which such trap shall have been installed to ensure such removal and such occupier or owner shall dispose of such matter as the Authority may direct.
(3)Discharge from slaughter housesDischarge from slaughter houses of blood or other refuse which may be permitted to enter the public sewer shall not be allowed unless such discharges be regulated in such a manner that the total discharges of blood or other refuse shall enter the sewer in even quantities over the daily period from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. or in such quantities and at such times as the Authority may direct. Clotted blood or solid matter shall not be allowed to enter the public sewer.
(4)Notification of the provision of special trapsIn every case where the Authority shall require the provision of a special trap under this rule, a report setting out the circumstances leading up to the requirements and containing details of the requirements and of the trap shall be made forthwith to the Director of Public Works:Provided that where the combination of such circumstances, requirements and details shall be similar to the combination of any circumstances, requirements and details previously submitted to and approved by the Director of Public Works such report need not be submitted.

Part IV – Special provisions relating to latrine accommodation (regs 54-70)

54. Water closets

Every water closet shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)all water closet pans shall be in accordance with types approved by the Authority;
(b)such water closet shall be furnished with a pan made of non-absorbent material, and of such shape, capacity and mode of construction as to receive and contain a sufficient quantity of water, and to allow all filth to fall free of the sides thereof, and directly into the water received and contained in such pan;
(c)there shall not be constructed or fixed under such pan, any "container" or other similar fitting, or, in connection with the water closet apparatus, any trap of the kind known as a "D" trap;
(d)every such water closet shall be of the washdown type, self-cleansing, and provided with a trap having a water seal not less than 2 inches in depth, and, except in the case of an approved siphonic closet, the outlet of the trap shall not be less than 3.5 inches or more than 4 inches internal diameter. The pan and trap of such water closet shall not be of any material manufactured from cement, but shall be of porcelainware, well glazed stoneware or other material approved by the Director of Public Works;
(e)the Authority may at its discretion permit the installation of through closets of a type approved by the Director of Public Works.

55. Urinals

Every urinal shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)such urinal shall be constructed of glazed bricks, slabs or stalls not less than 3 feet 6 inches high and fitted immediately above the edge of a glazed half channel pipe not less than 4 inches internal diameter and laid to a fall of not less than 1 in 40. Such channel shall discharge into a salt-glazed ware or vitreous enamelled trap with a water seal not less than 2 inches for a single stall or basin and not less than 3 inches for a range of stalls or basins. Where the urinal is of glazed bricks or slabs, return walls not less than 1 foot long shall be constructed of the same materials. The floor of such urinal shall be constructed of 1: 4: 8 concrete at least 3 inches in thickness with 3/4 inch of 1: 3 cement mortar or of other approved impervious materials, finished with a smooth surface;
(b)in the case of a urinal of the basin type, the soil pipe connected to the basin of such urinal shall discharge directly over a trap or into a glazed impervious channel leading thereto, either of which shall be constructed in the manner prescribed in paragraph (a) of this rule:Provided that where an anti-siphon trap or a trap protected by an anti-siphon pipe constructed in accordance with rule 45 is connected under the basin for which the automatic flushing cistern is fitted, the soil-pipe may discharge directly into the drainage system;
(c)only one trap other than is permitted by the proviso to paragraph (b) of this rule shall be provided to each range of urinals and communication between each urinal and trap shall be provided by means of glazed impervious channel. The floor of any urinal shall be laid with a fall toward such channel or trap for a distance of at least 18 inches from the said channel or trap;
(d)every trap provided in connection with such urinal shall be provided with a movable or hinged strong brass or gunmetal barred gate of the dome pattern and shall have an internal diameter not greater than that of the soil-pipe or drain to which it is connected.

56. Slop hoppers, etc.

Every slop hopper or similar soil water fitting shall be of an approved type and fixed in such manner as the Authority may require.

57. Soil water fittings

Every soil water fitting shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)each soil water fitting shall be furnished with an approved water flushing cistern of adequate capacity or with an approved automatic volume-controlled water flushing valve, which shall be so constructed, fitted and placed as to admit a proper, adequate and constant supply of water by mechanical means for use in such soil water fitting without any direct connection between any service pipe upon such building and any part of the apparatus of such soil water fitting other than such water flushing valve or water supply cistern. There shall also be furnished to such soil water fitting a suitable and approved apparatus for the effectual application of waste to any pan, basin, urinal or other receptacle with which such apparatus may be connected and used, and for the prompt and effectual flushing and cleansing of such pan, basin, urinal or other receptacle, and for the prompt and effectual removal therefrom of any solid or liquid filth which may from time to time be deposited therein;
(b)Capacity of water-flushing cisterns to soil water fittingssuch cistern provided in connection with a soil water fitting other than a urinal shall have an effectual flushing capacity of—
(i)not less than 2 gallons or more than 3 gallons where the height from the underside of such cistern to the point of discharge into such soil water fitting is greater than 5 feet; or
(ii)not less than 2 0.5 gallons or more than 3 gallons where such height is not less than 4 feet; or
(iii)not less than 3 gallons where such height is less than 4 feet;
(c)Height of water-flushing cisterns above squatting closet slabsuch cistern provided in connection with a squatting type water closet shall not in any case be fixed at a less height than 5 feet above the squatting slab;
(d)Flush pipesthe flush pipe from any such cistern provided in connection with a soil water fitting other than a urinal shall be not less than 10.5 inches internal diameter in any part and shall be constructed with not more than four easy bends. For the purposes of this paragraph a swan-neck shall be considered equivalent to two bends;
(e)where flushing valves are used, they shall be of a water-preventing type and shall be supplied by a pipe of adequate size from a tank giving a sufficient head and volume of water to allow the flushing valves to operate satisfactorily and to discharge at each separate operation a volume of water equivalent to that laid down herein for flushing cisterns;
(f)Water-flushing cisterns to urinalswhen so required by the Authority a urinal shall be provided with an approved automatic water-flushing cistern;
(g)Cisterns and sparge pipes to urinals
(i)the underside of a cistern for flushing a urinal shall be at a height not less than 7 feet above the level of the floor with a down-pipe the first 3 feet of which shall be of a diameter not less than is specified in the following table—
No. of basin or stallsDiameter of downpipe
One0.5 in.
Not exceeding1 in.
Not exceeding 41¼ in.
Exceeding 41.5 in.
In the case of other types of urinals 2 feet length of channel shall be calculated as being equivalent to one basin or stall;
(ii)the capacity of a cistern for flushing a urinal shall be not less than 1 gallon for each basin or stall or 2 feet 6 inches length of sparge pipe served by it and in any case not less than 2 gallons;
(iii)every urinal shall be efficiently flushed and subject to the provisions of subparagraph (i) of this paragraph, if flushed individually shall have a flush pipe connecting with either a suitable spreader or a sparge pipe not less than 0.5 inch diameter and in any case not less in diameter than the sparge pipe served by it;
(iv)where a sparge pipe serves more than one urinal stall or exceeds 2 feet 6 inches in length it shall be not less than ¾ inch in diameter. Every urinal sparge pipe shall have sufficient holes of correct size and be fixed to give efficient flushing throughout without splashing. Such sparge pipe shall be the full length of the urinal stall and shall be returned for a length of 6 inches along any end return wall or slab;
(h)all cisterns fitted in connection with soil water fittings shall be adequately protected against the ingress of mosquitoes.

58. Automatic water-flushing cisterns not to be provided to water closets

No automatic water-flushing cistern shall be installed except in connection with a trough closet and with the permission of the Authority:Provided that an automatic cistern may be used in connection with a trough closet if the use of such cistern is approved by the Authority.

59. Soil water fittings to be kept provided with a sufficient supply of water

(1)The occupier of any premises on or for which any soil water fitting is for the time being provided shall, in so far as he is able, cause such soil water fitting at all times to be properly supplied with a sufficient quantity of water for the proper and efficient flushing thereof and shall ensure that the water flushing cistern shall be capable of refilling within an interval of two minutes after the previous discharge.
(2)Water supply for ablution purposesWhere necessary a separate supply of water shall be provided for ablution purposes, and such supply shall be obtained from a storage cistern. In no case shall a water tap, situated within a latrine, be connected direct to a water mains supply pipe.
(3)Toilet paper in factories, etc.In the case of any factory, workshop, workplace or public building, an adequate supply of toilet paper shall be provided free of charge to all users of every water closet provided in connection with such premises.

60. Apartments for soil water fittings

(1)Every soil water fitting shall be fixed in a suitable apartment constructed in such a manner as to ensure privacy and of such material as shall meet with the approval of the Authority. The internal measurements of the apartment shall not in any case be less than 2 feet 6 inches in width, 4 feet 6 inches in length, or a mean height of 7 feet, with a minimum height of 6 feet 6 inches at the lowest part of the roof measured from the plate of a squatting closet, when such is fitted, or the floor of such apartment whichever is the higher:Provided that every urinal apartment shall be constructed in such manner as will ensure compliance with paragraph (g)(i) of rule 57 of these Rules.
(2)Soil water fittings in buildingsEvery soil water fitting and the apartment connected therewith shall be so situated that it is not approached directly any room used for the purpose of human habitation, or used for the manufacture, preparation or storage of food for man, or used as a factory, workshop, workplace or public building. Such soil water fitting shall be constructed so that on any side on which it would abut on a room intended for human habitation or used for the manufacture, preparation or storage of food for man, or used as a factory, workshop, workplace or public building, it shall be enclosed by a solid wall or partition of brick, stone, concrete or other satiable materials extending the entire height from the floor to the ceiling.
(3)Water closet for the exclusive use of a bedroomNothing in the foregoing requirements of this rule shall be deemed to prevent the direct communication of a water closet with a bedroom, if such water closet is intended to be used exclusively with the bedroom and there is other water closet accommodation for use in connection with other parts of the building.
(4)Soil water fittings within dwelling housesIf the soil water fitting be within a dwelling house, at least one side of the apartment in which it is placed shall be an external wall.

61. Soil water fittings within apartments

Every apartment in which a soil water fitting is situated shall be provided with—
(a)a window of an area not less than 2 square feet exclusive of the frame, in an external wall and so constructed that at the least 2 square feet shall open:Provided that in any building other than one used or intended to be used as a dwelling house where a water closet is provided with sufficient means of lighting by artificial or borrowed light, it shall not be necessary to provide a window opening directly into the external air;
(b)constant ventilation by means of—
(i)a ventilator or ventilators having a minimum area of one square foot. No material other than wire gauze or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority shall be inserted in such ventilator or ventilators, which shall open into the external air and be adequately protected from the entry of rain; or
(ii)an approved air shaft or some other similar effectual method:
Provided that where a closet other than a squatting or oriental closet is provided, ventilation may be by means of an opening fanlight.

62. Construction of water closets

Every water closet shall be fixed in either of the following manners, but not otherwise—
(1)Fixing of water closet above floor level
(a)the whole of the pan and the trap of such water closet shall be fixed entirely above the level of the floor of the apartment in which such water closet is constructed and shall be provided with a seat of hardwood, hinged at the back, or some other suitable type of seat which has been approved by the Authority. The pan of such water closet shall not be enclosed or cased round in any manner, but shall be constructed in such a manner that the whole of the pan shall be fully exposed to view;
(b)Floors of water closet chamberswhere so required, the floor of such apartment as aforesaid shall be constructed of 1: 4: 8 concrete not less than 3 inches in thickness with 0.5 inch of 1: 2 cement mortar or of other approved impervious materials, finished with a smooth surface.
(2)Fixing of water closets below floor levelthe whole of the pan of such water closet shall be sunk below the level of the floor of the apartment in which such water closet is constructed and, in the case of a suspended floor, shall be supported upon a sub-floor so that the upper face of the squatting slab shall be at the level of the floor of the said apartment, and the whole of the pan and trap as such water closet shall be firmly embedded in 1: 4: 8 concrete at least 4 inches in thickness: the floor of the said apartment to be constructed of 1: 4: 8 concrete at least 3 inches in thickness, with 0.5 of 1:2 cement mortar finished with a smooth surface, and shall be laid with a slope on all sides of the pan of such water closet so that any liquid which may fall upon such floor will flow into the pan of such water closet:Provided that, where the mode of construction is such that the top of a pan is above the normal floor level, it shall be necessary to provide a platform not less than 9 inches in width all round it measured from the inner edge of the pan, and the entire top of such platform on all sides of the pan shall be sloped towards the pan so that any liquid which may fall upon such platform will flow into the pan of such water closet. If a glazed fireclay squatting slab is not provided, such platform shall be constructed of concrete of a mixture not less than 1: 4: 8, 3 inches in thickness, except for a space of 3 inches round the flush-pipe where a weak mixture of concrete or other material approved by the Authority may be used instead, and the whole of the upper surface of such platform shall be rendered with 0.5 inch of 1:2 cement mortar to a smooth finish:Provided that, where a water closet pan and trap is a one-pipe fitting, such fitting may be bedded on a layer of 1: 4: 8 concrete not less than 3 inches in thickness and not less than 15 inches square, and the space between the underside of the concrete floor or platform and such layer packed tightly with sand or a weak mixture of concrete.

63. Septic tanks and sewage filter installations, etc.

No person shall construct any septic tank, storage tank, sewage filter installation, or other works for the treatment, reception or disposal of sewage, except with the written permission of the Authority and then only subject to the following conditions and such additional conditions as it may impose—
(a)Distance from buildings, plot boundaries, and wellshe shall not construct any such septic tank, storage tank, sewage filter installation, or other works for the treatment, reception, or disposal of sewage, under any building, nor, except with the consent of the Authority, within 20 feet of any building or any plot boundary nor within 100 feet of any well, spring or stream of water used, or likely to be used, by man for drinking or domestic purposes, or for manufacturing drinks for the use of man and otherwise in such a position so as not to render any such water liable to pollution, nor so that it shall have, by drain or otherwise, any inlet for rain-water or other surface water or any outlet into or means of communication with any sewer;
(b)Situation and means of accesshe shall cause such septic tank, storage tank, sewage filter installation, or other works for the treatment, reception or disposal of sewage to be constructed in such manner and in such a position as to afford means of access thereto for the purpose of cleansing the same and of removing the contents thereof, and as to provide for the eventual connection of the drains to the sewer (where such is provided) with the minimum relaying of piping, etc;
(c)To be covered and ventilated
(i)he shall cause any such septic tank, storage tank, sewage filter installation, or other works for the treatment, reception or disposal of sewage, to be sufficiently covered over and to be protected as to prevent any nuisance therefrom, and so as to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes in connection therewith;
(ii)he shall cause any such storage tank, sewage filter installation, or other works for the treatment, reception or disposal of sewage, to be adequately and efficiently ventilated if the Authority so requires;
(d)Disposal of effluent and filtrateshe shall not commence the construction of any such septic tank, storage tank, sewage filter installation, or other works for the treatment, reception or disposal of sewage, until the Authority shall be satisfied that adequate and satisfactory provision has been made for the periodic emptying and cleansing of the same or for the innocuous disposal of the effluent or filtrate therefrom, as the case may be;
(e)To be water tighthe shall cause the walls, floors and coverings of any septic tank, sewage storage tank, effluent tank, and such parts of the walls of any enclosure tank for the reception of filtering medium that may be necessary, to be constructed of impervious materials and so as to be watertight.

64. Construction of latrines other than water closets

(1)No building intended to serve as a latrine having a movable receptacle for the reception of faecal matter shall—
(a)communicate, except through a well-ventilated passage, with any building used or intended to be used for human habitation or for the manufacture, preparation or storage of food for man, or as a place for the consumption of food by man or as a factory, workshop, public building or place of assembly. Such ventilated passage shall be of a design and dimensions approved by the Authority and, if closed in, shall be provided with openings each at least six square feet in area built into two outside walls so as to provide adequate ventilation and light. No material other than wire gauze or other equally suitable materials approved by the Authority shall be inserted in such openings;
(b)be built within 10 feet of any building used or intended to be used as a kitchen or for the manufacture, preparation or storage of food for man or as a place for the consumption of food by man;
(c)except with the written permission of the Authority, be so constructed that the floor level of the apartment is more than 3 feet above the surrounding ground level.
(2)Every earth-closet shall be provided with—
(a)a window of an area not less than 2 square feet clear of the frame, communicating directly with the external air. Where such window is fitted with an opening sash a fly-proof screen of wire gauze having not less than 14 meshes per linear inch shall be provided. Such window if constructed to be permanently open shall be suitably and adequately protected from the entry of rain; and
(b)a ventilator having a total area clear of the frame of not less than one square foot in each of two walls. No material other than wire gauze or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority shall be inserted in such ventilators which shall open into the external air and be adequately protected from the entry of rain:Provided that, where a window conforming to the provisions of subparagraph (a) of this subrule is provided and such window is so constructed as to be permanently open, it shall not be necessary to provide a ventilator in addition to such window. No material other than wire gauze or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority shall be inserted in such window.
(3)No pit latrine shall be constructed within 30 feet of any building except with the written permission of the Authority and then not within 15 feet of any habitable room or place used for the preparation or consumption of food.

65. Construction of earth-closets

Every earth-closet shall comply with the following requirements—
(a)the earth-closet shall be constructed in such manner and in such a position as to have ready means of access for the purpose of cleansing such earth-closet and in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of all filth being removed from such earth-closet and from the premises to which it may belong, without being carried through any dwelling house or public building or any building in which any person is, or is intended to be, employed in any manufacture, trade or business;
(b)the closet shall be situated at least 100 feet from any well, spring, or stream of water, used or likely to be used by man for drinking or domestic purposes, or for manufacturing drinks for the use of man, and otherwise in such a position as not to render any such water liable to pollution;
(c)the apartment is of the same dimensions as though it were a water closet;
(d)the walls are of brick, concrete or other materials approved by the Authority and where possible the internal surfaces of the walls shall be covered with good cement plaster finished to a smooth face;
(e)the entire floor of the earth-closet is of 1: 4: 8 concrete not less than 3 inches thick with 0.5 inch 1: 2 cement mortar or any other impervious and non-absorbent materials finished to a smooth surface.

66. Construction of seat, etc., of earth-closets

(1)Every earth-closet shall be so constructed that the seat, if any, of such earth-closet, the aperture in such seat, and the space beneath such seat, is of such dimensions as to admit of a movable receptacle for filth being placed and fitted beneath such seat in such a manner and in such a position as may effectually prevent the deposit upon the floor or sides of the space beneath such seat or elsewhere than in such receptacle of any filth which may from time to time fall or be cast through the aperture in such seat. For this purpose every such closet shall be provided with stops to keep the receptacle in its correct position beneath the aperture.
(2)Type of receptacleThe Authority shall specify and approve the shape, capacity, dimensions, material and manufacture of such receptacle.

67. Means of access for cleansing earth-closets

Every earth-closet shall be so constructed that the seat, if any, of such earth-closet rests upon iron brackets, or piers formed of non-absorbent material and so that the whole of such seat or a sufficient part thereof may be lifted into a vertical position so as to afford adequate access to the space beneath such seat for the purpose of cleansing such space, or of removing therefrom or placing and fitting therein the appropriate receptacle for filth, or shall so be constructed otherwise as to provide adequate means of access to such space for the purposes aforesaid.

68. Protection from flies in earth-closets

Every person who constructs an earth-closet shall cause such closet to be properly and efficiently protected from the ingress of flies.

69. Use of standard pattern of earth-closet

(1)Every earth-closet shall be constructed in accordance with plans and specifications approved by the Authority.
(2)Every earth-closet shall be so constructed as to secure privacy for each user.
(3)The internal measurements of every pit latrine or similar type of latrine shall not in any case be less than 2 feet 6 inches in width, 4 feet 6 inches in length, or 6 feet in height in any part measured from the upper surface of the floor or the squatting slab, whichever is the higher. The average height of such latrine shall not be less than 6 feet 6 inches.

70. Latrines in factories, etc.

(1)In factories, workshops, workplaces or other premises of a like nature where—
(a)Europeans, Asians and Africans or any two of such races are employed there shall be provided suitable separate latrine accommodation for each race;
(b)females are employed, there shall be provided separate latrine accommodation, the entrances and windows of which shall be effectively screened from that for males and such accommodation shall be appropriately marked in letters not less than 2 inches high. The latrine accommodation for males shall be similarly marked.
(2)Arrangement of latrines
(a)Latrines shall be provided within the curtilage of the building in connection with which they are used and shall be so arranged and maintained as to be conveniently accessible to any persons employed therein at all times during their employment.
(b)Latrines shall be sited not more than 150 feet from any building in which persons are employed and in the case of any such premises situated outside a township, not less than 5 feet from the plot boundaries.

Temporary

(c)If nightshifts are worked in any factory or other premises where persons are employed, at least 10 percent of the latrines required to be provided under paragraph (5) of this subrule shall be sited not more than 60 feet from the buildings in which nightshifts work, and such latrines shall have a well laid out path of access artificially lighted during the hours when such nightshifts are in operation;
(d)Where any factory is also used as a buying centre, sufficient latrine accommodation for each sex shall be provided as near as is practicable to the main entrance of exits used by the public, and such accommodation shall be additional to that required by subrule (5) of this rule.
(e)The external and internal walls of every latrine provided in connection with any factory or other premises where persons are employed shall be limewashed every four months and in the case of latrines provided in connection with other premises, as often as the Authority may by notice in writing require.
(3)Temporary latrinesOn sites where persons are temporarily employed, and no latrine accommodation of a permanent nature exists for the use of such person, temporary latrines of a type approved by the Authority shall be provided by the employer or employers of such persons, unless the written sanction of the Authority to dispense with such latrine accommodation has been first obtained. Such temporary latrines shall be provided before any other work on the site is commenced.
(4)Latrines in dwellings
(a)No dwelling house shall be erected or occupied without latrine accommodation in accordance with the requirements of these Rules.
(b)Every dwelling house occupied or intended to be occupied by person other than Africans shall be provided with latrine accommodation for servants and such latrine accommodation shall be additional to that provided for the occupier and shall be reserved exclusively for the use of servants.
(5)Number of latrinesIn estimating the latrine accommodation it will be necessary to provide in any premise for the purpose of satisfactory drainage, the following shall be the minimum requirements, but in any case the Authority may require special arrangements to be made—
(a)water-closets, or pit latrine stances—
(i)dwellings, one for every 15 persons or fraction of such number which the dwelling can ordinarily accommodate for purpose of residence;
(ii)shops, offices, factories, workshops, workplaces, warehouses, or any other premises not specifically mentioned in this rule: one for every 25 persons or fraction of such number up to 100 persons accommodated or employed or intended to be accommodated or employed in or about such premises and thereafter one for every 40 persons or fraction of such number;
(iii)places of public worship except when exempted by the Authority, clubs, theatres, cinemas, restaurants, public bars, public halls or any public place of assembly for persons admitted by ticket or otherwise; one for every 200 persons or fraction of such number which the building can ordinarily accommodate, with a minimum of one for each sex where the Authority considers separate accommodation necessary;
(b)earth-closets—
(i)dwellings: one for every 12 persons or fraction of such number which the dwelling can ordinarily accommodate for purposes of residence;
(ii)shops, offices, factories, workshops, workplaces, warehouses or any other premises not specifically mentioned in this rule: one for every 12 persons or fraction of such number up to 48 persons accommodated or employed or intended to be accommodated or employed in or about such premises, and thereafter one for every 24 persons or fraction of such number;
(iii)places of public worship except when exempted by the Authority, clubs, theatres, cinemas, restaurants, public bars, public halls or public places of assembly for persons admitted by ticket or otherwise: one for every fifty persons or fraction of such number, with a minimum of one for each sex where the Authority considers separate accommodation necessary;
(c)urinals—
(i)urinal accommodation shall be provided in any premises where the Authority considers such accommodation necessary;
(ii)in any premises a reduction of fifty per centum in the number of latrines required for males under this rule may be made where latrine accommodation other than earth-closets is provided if urinal accommodation in the ratio of one stall or basin or at least 1 foot 10 inches of channel length for every twenty-five males is provided.
(6)Latrines in schoolsIn estimating the latrine accommodation it will be necessary to provide in any school or college for the purpose of satisfactory drainage, the following shall be the minimum requirements, but in any case the Authority may require special arrangements to be made—
(a)water-closets or pit latrine stances—
(i)schools or colleges which are boarding establishments: one for every ten persons or fraction of such number which the school or college can ordinarily accommodate for purposes of residence up to 100 persons and thereafter one for every twenty-five persons or fraction of such number;
(ii)schools or colleges which are not boarding establishments: one for every fifteen persons or fraction of such number which the school or college can ordinarily accommodate up to 100 persons and thereafter one for every twenty-five persons or fraction of such number;
(b)earth-closets—
(i)schools or colleges which are boarding establishments: one for every eight persons or fraction of such number which the school or college can ordinarily accommodate for purposes of residence;
(ii)schools or colleges which are not boarding establishments: one for every eight persons or fraction of such number which the school or college can ordinarily accommodate up to forty-eight persons and thereafter one for every sixteen persons or fraction of such number;
(c)urinals—
(i)urinal accommodation shall be provided in any premises where the Authority considers such accommodation necessary;
(ii)in any school or college a reduction of fifty per centum in the number of latrines required for males under this rule may be made where latrine accommodation other than earth-closets is provided if urinal accommodation in the ratio of one stall or basin or at least 1 foot 10 inches of channel length for every twenty-five males is provided;
(d)in schools or colleges used or intended to be used for the accommodation of both boarders and non-boarders latrine accommodation for such boarders and non-boarders shall be computed in accordance with the requirements of this rule for schools or colleges which are boarding establishments or other than boarding establishments respectively;
(e)in every school or college in which males and females are, or are intended to be accommodated, separate latrine accommodation shall be provided for pupils of each sex over seven years of age. Separate latrine accommodation shall in all cases be provided for teachers, and if teachers of different sexes are employed separate latrine accommodation shall be provided for each sex. Such latrine accommodation shall be constructed as to ensure privacy and with the entrances for females effectively screened from those for males;
(f)so far as is practicable, no dormitory in any school or college shall be situated more than 60 feet from a latrine and no school or college building used or intended to be used by pupils shall be situated more than 150 feet from latrine accommodation.
(7)Closure of pit latrinesWhen the level of the contents of any pit latrine is within 3 feet of the surrounding ground level such pit latrine shall be closed for use and the pit completely filled up with earth.

Part V – Specification and detailed requirements for the construction of subsoil, storm and surface water drainage (regs 71-77)

71. Under-drainage of buildings

(1)The subsoil of the site of the building shall, wherever the dampness of the site renders it necessary, be effectually drained by means of earthenware field pipes or other suitable pipes properly laid to a suitable outfall, or in any manner which the Authority may require.
(2)Roof to be drained effectuallyThe roof of any building (whether flat or otherwise) shall be so constructed as effectually to drain of the water which may fall on it. Where gutters or troughs are approved by the Authority they shall be connected with a sufficient number of suitable downpipes or trunks constructed so as to carry away all water which may fall on the roof without causing dampness in any part of any wall or foundation of any building, and shall cause such water to be carried off in a manner approved by the Authority. Where gutters are not provided the foundations of the building shall be adequately protected by the provisions of an apron of concrete or other approved impervious material.
(3)Surface waterShould the Authority consider it desirable, provisions shall be made for carrying off any surface water of a building site in a manner approved by the Authority.
(4)Gutters and downpipes to be maintained in good orderThe occupier or if there is no occupier, the owner of any premises shall maintain all guttering and downpipes on such premises in good order and free from obstructions and in such a manner that water cannot accumulate therein.
(5)Method of discharge of water from downpipesNo rain-water pipe or trunk which may be provided in connection with any building for the purpose of conveying therefrom any water which may fall on any roof or flat thereof shall be fixed so as to discharge directly into a closed drain, but shall be constructed or fixed so as to discharge directly into the open air, into an open channel, pavement drain, or over a properly trapped gully, or into such gully above the level of the water in the trap thereof:Provided always that the provisions of this paragraph of this rule shall not apply in any case where rain water is intended to be conveyed through a closed drain to any receptacle properly constructed and adapted for the storage of such water, and the construction or adaptation of such closed drain or receptacle shall in a manner approved by the Authority:Provided further that where such downpipe discharges into a pavement drain longer than 2 feet, suitable access shall be provided in the bottom section of such downpipe.

72. Materials for gutters and downpipes

(1)
(a)Eaves gutters and downpipes shall be of galvanized iron, steel, asbestos cement, cast iron or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority;
(b)if such eaves gutters or downpipes are of galvanized iron or steel they shall be constructed of metal of a gauge not less than 20 British Standard wire-gauge in thickness;
(c)if such eaves gutters or downpipes are of asbestos cement they shall conform in all respects to British Standard Specification No. 569 (1934):Provided that downpipes which are not cylindrical shall be permitted if such pipes are not of less thickness than that specified for cylindrical pipes;
(d)if such eaves gutters are of cast iron they shall conform in all respects to the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists;
(e)if such downpipes are of cast iron they shall conform in all respects to British Standard Specification No. 460 (1932):Provided that downpipes which are not cylindrical shall be permitted if such pipes are not of less thickness than that specified for cylindrical pipes;
(f)if such eaves gutters or downpipes are of material not hereinbefore specifically mentioned but approved by the Authority, they shall conform in all respects to the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists.
(2)Support for guttersAll eaves gutters shall be supported by suitable brackets not more than 3 feet apart or in a manner approved by the Authority, and shall be properly aligned so as to provide continuous and even fall to the point of discharge in such manner that no part of such eaves gutter shall be more than 30 feet distant, in the length of such eaves gutters, from a point of discharge save that with approval of the Authority such distance may be exceeded where the downpipes are connected to storage tanks.
(3)Size of gutters and downpipesAll gutters and downpipes shall be of suitable and adequate size to prevent any overflowing or surcharging.
(4)Projection of downpipesNo downpipe on any building shall project beyond the limits of the plot on which the building stands at any height which is less than 10 feet from the ground level.

73. Pavement drains

(1)In the case of a downpipe which discharges into a kerb channels the connection between such downpipe and such kerb channel shall be constructed of pipes or open or closed channels of sufficient cross sectional area to carry off effectually all water led thereto and in any case not less in cross sectional area than 12 square inches and laid to a gradient of not less than 1 in 60. The top of such pavement drain or the concrete surround thereof shall be flush with the pavement or footpath and the open end of such pavement drain shall be flush with the face of the kerb through which it passes.
(2)ConstructionThe modes of construction for pavement drains shall be as follows—
(a)Pipesby pipes which shall be of either case iron and comply with not less than "medium" grade on British Standard Specification No. 416 (1935) or asbestos cement and comply with British Standard Specification No. 582 (1934) and shall in either case, including the connecting end be surrounded with at least 3 inches of 1: 3: 6 concrete;
(b)Channelsby concrete channels which shall be in accordance with rule 74(4) or cast iron channels of a type approved by the Authority;

74. Drains, sewers and channels for surface or storm water

(1)Every drain, private sewer or channels constructed in connection with the disposal of surface or storm water shall comply with the requirements of this rule.
(2)Quality of materialsThe quality and type of all materials and appliances, including pipes, cement, traps, shafts, etc., used in the construction and repair of the drain, sewer or channel shall not in any case be less in quality and specification than is provided by these Rules.
(3)Construction of pipe sewers and drainsA private pipe sewer or drain shall comply with the following provisions—
(a)such sewer or drain shall be constructed of glazed stoneware, cast iron, steel or other equally suitable material approved by the Authority, and with watertight, socketed or other approved joints;
(b)every such sewer or drain formed of iron or steel shall conform in all respects with the requirements of paragraph (g) or (j) of rule 33 and if of stoneware with paragraph (h) of rule 33;
(c)every such sewer or drain shall be of adequate size to carry off effectually all the water from the area which it serves and not less than 12 square inches in cross-sectional area;
(d)such sewer or drain shall be laid with a proper fall, such fall complying whenever practicable with the following requirements—
Diameter of pipe4-inch5-inch6-inch7-inch9-inch12-inch
Minimum fall1-501-601-751-1201-1501-200
(e)where, in the opinion of the Authority, such sewer or drain is especially liable to injury from any cause, the Authority may require such sewer or drain to be entirely surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 6 inches thick all round the sewer or drain;
(f)Foundation for sewers and drainssuch sewer or drain shall be laid in accordance with paragraph (c) of rule 33;
(g)Jointing of cast iron sewers and drain pipesif such sewer or drain be of cast iron or other approved metal pipes joined with ordinary socket joints, the joints shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of rule 33;
(h)Jointing of stoneware sewers and drain pipesif such sewer or drain be of stoneware or of sewers and pipes of material other than drain pipes metal (other than pipes with patent with joints acceptable to the Authority) the joints shall be made in accordance with paragraph (e) of rule 33;
(i)Pipes to be truly laidall lengths of pipes shall be laid in accordance with paragraph (f) of rule 33;
(j)Sewers and drains to be so constructed as to be watertightsuch private sewer or drain and fittings shall be so constructed as to be watertight;
(k)Pipes of other materialsif such private sewer or drain be of material not hereinbefore specifically mentioned but approved by the Authority, the pipes shall conform in all respects to the relevant British Standard Specification where such exists;
(l)Drain fittingsif such private sewer or drain has bends, junctions, gullies, traps or other fittings of either salt glazed ware or salt glazed glass enamelled fireclay, such fittings shall conform with paragraph (i) of rule 33;
(m)Construction: generalthe construction and jointing of pipe sewers, drains, and drop leads shall be in accordance with subrule (i) of rule 33 and rule 36.
(4)Construction of channel drainsA channel shall be either open or covered as the Authority may require and shall be constructed as follows—
(a)Size and gradient of channelthis size and gradient of such channel shall be such that the water from the surfaces which such channel serves shall be effectually carried off. The channel shall not in any case have an effective cross-sectional area of less than 18 square inches, or except in special circumstances, a gradient of less than 1 in 60;
(b)Types of channelsuch channel shall be constructed—
(i)in situ and made entirely of concrete or of concrete and bricks or of salt glazed ware and concrete or bricks; or.
(ii)of pre-cast concrete section.
The minimum width or diameter of such channels at the invert shall not be less than 4 inches;
(c)Foundationssuch channel, if cast in situ, shall have a foundation of 1:3:6 concrete at least 3 inches thick and if precast shall be laid on concrete foundation if so required by the Authority;
(d)Cast in situ channelsthe sides of cast in situ channels shall be not less than 3 inches thick, shall be vertical externally, be battered not steeper than 8:1 internally and be constructed of—
(i)1: 3: 6 concrete; or
(ii)brickwork set in 1: 4 cement mortar with the tops and inside of such channel rendered with 1:3 cement mortar not less than three-quarters of an inch in thickness;
(e)Pre-cast channelspre-cast concrete channels, if made of 1: 2: 4 concrete and if not reinforced, shall be of the following minimum dimensions with battered internal sides of not less than 8:1—
Top of side2inches
Bottom of sides2 0.5inches
Bottom2inches.
Provided that if the mix of concrete is weaker than 1: 2: 4 such channel shall be made of a concrete mix and dimensions as though it were a cast in situ channel;
(f)the sides and invert of such channel shall be finished with a perfectly smooth face and there shall not be any intrusions of any kind whatsoever into the channel;
(g)Cover slabs to channelschannels where required to be covered shall have either slabs of a mixture not weaker than 1: 3: 6 concrete and of adequate strength and in any case not less than 2 inches thick, or covers of other material approved by the Authority.
(5)Drain to be trapped and kept cleanBefore any inlet to a storm-water sewer a silt trap of a size and type approved by the Authority shall be provided if the Authority so requires. Such silt trap and the whole drainage system shall be kept clean by the owner or occupier of the plot which is served by such system.
(6)Junctions and bends
(a)All junctions and bends in branch sewers, drains or channels shall comply with subrule (1) of rule 36 of these Rules except that the words "and at half channel height above the main channel" shall be deemed to be omitted.
(b)Making junctions to existing pipesAll inserted junctions of pipe sewers or drains shall be made in accordance with rule 39.
(7)Positions of inspection chambers
(a)A private sewer not exceeding 6 inches in diameter, drain or covered channel shall be provided with inspection chambers at the following positions—
(i)so that no part of a sewer not exceeding 6 inches in diameter, drain or covered channel is more than 50 feet distant in the length of such sewer, drain or channel from the centre of an inspection chamber or the open end of such sewer, drain or covered channel at its point of discharge on to the ground surface or into a ditch or water-course or swamp above the maximum level of the water therein or of any other channel:Provided that in a private pipe sewer exceeding 6 inches in diameter or a covered channel sewer exceeding in internal cross-sectional area 100 square inches it shall be permissible to provide inspection chambers at such points that no part of such pipe sewer or covered channel sewer shall be more than 125 feet distant in the length of such sewer from the centre of an inspection chamber:Provided further that where the point at which any branch or tributary drain or covered channel which does not exceed 50 feet in length joins another drain or covered channel is not more than 50 feet distant from the centre of an inspection chamber therein or the open end of a drain or covered channel and a ridding point is provided at the head of each such branch or tributary drain or covered channel, it shall not be necessary to provide an inspection chamber at such point:Provided further that where covered channels are provided with removable slabs and such channels have not more than 6 inches cover, it shall not be necessary to provide inspection chambers in connection with such channels;
(ii)on a private sewer, drain or channel which is not an open channel at a point within and as near to the curtilage as possible where such private sewer, drain or channel discharges into the public sewers:Provided that a chamber in this position may not be required if such a chamber as required by subparagraph (iii) of this paragraph is situated at a lower point on the same private sewer, drain or channel;
(iii)at such other places as the Authority may consider necessary.
(b)Construction of inspection chambersEvery inspection chamber in connection with a private sewer or drain shall be constructed in accordance with subrule (2) of rule 41.
(8)Exclusion of solid matter, etc.
(a)Suitable grills or gratings to exclude all solid matter shall be provided in every system of drains of channels for storm-water at a point as near as practicable to where such system connects with the public sewer or if there be no public sewer at such point or points as the Authority may determine. All storm-water shall pass through such grills or gratings which shall be easily accessible for cleaning and if necessary shall be built in conjunction with an inspection chamber as set out in subrule (7) of this rule.
(b)Grating to be kept clearIt shall be the duty of the occupier, or if there is no occupier, the owner of the premises to clean such grill or grating as may be necessary from time to time to allow water to pass freely through the drain or channel.
(c)FloodingShould any flooding occur through neglect to comply with subparagraph (b) of this paragraph, proceedings may be taken against the occupier or, if there be no occupier, the owner of the premises, to recover the cost of any damage occasioned by such flooding but such proceedings shall not in any way prejudice the rights of the Authority also to take proceedings under section 30 of the Ordinance.
(9)No inlets inside buildingsThere shall not be an inlet of any kind whatsoever into a drain or channel for storm-water within a building:Provided that where other means are impracticable a trapped gully fixed inside a building and fitted with a suitable grating may be permitted for the purpose of carrying off flood water from a collar or basement.
(10)Channels not allowed inside buildings
(a)No building or channel drain (either with or without slabs or other covering) shall be so constructed that such channel shall run beneath a building or any part thereof:Provided that nothing herein contained shall be held to apply to an open channel carried under any open-sided covered way or through a passage open at both ends, more than 6 feet wide or less than 30 feet in length.
(b)Storm-water drains through buildingsWhere storm-water is required to pass under or through a building it shall be conveyed by a pipe which shall conform to paragraph (n) of rule 33 for foul water drains in all respects.
(11)VentilationIn a closed drain exceeding 100 feet in length and where entries to such drain are by means of trapped gullies or similar water seals ventilation openings shall be provided at the lowest and highest points in such drains to the satisfaction of the Authority:Provided that the requirements of this paragraph shall not apply to any drainage system used or intended to be used solely for conveying rain-water to a storage tank.
(12)Any channel constructed on any plot within 5 feet of the boundary of such plot shall be covered with removable perforated or solid slabs unless such plot be enclosed with a boundary wall or fence.

75. Connection with public sewer

(1)Where a public sewer is a pipe sewer a connection shall be made by means of a 45 degrees junction provided for the purpose or, if this does not exist, by means of a saddle junction or by cutting out a pipe on the sewer and inserting a suitable junction pipe in accordance with rule 39.
(2)Where a public sewer is a concrete channel either open or closed, the connection shall be made by cutting away sufficiently the top of the side of the sewer to join the branch securely to the sewer by means of 1:3 cement mortar or in other manner approved by the Authority; such junction shall not cause any diminution to the cross-sections of either the sewer or drain.

76. Lateral drain to pipe sewer

(1)Where a public sewer is a pipe sewer, the lateral drain shall be a pipe drain and shall comply with the provisions of rule 38.
(2)Lateral drain other than a pipe drainWhere the lateral drain to a storm-water sewer is other than a pipe drain, it shall conform to the following requirements—
(a)the drain shall join the sewer obliquely in the direction of flow;
(b)the drain shall be laid in a direct line and shall comply with the requirements of subrules (2) and (3) of rule 38 in so far as they are applicable;
(c)where the cover to the drain in a highway or carriage drive is less than 1 foot, the drain shall be surrounded with 1: 3: 6 concrete at least 4 inches in thickness all round.

77. Rain-water tanks

A tank for the collection of rain-water shall be so constructed and in such position as the Authority may determine.

Part VI – Miscellaneous provisions (regs 78-79)

78. Issue of notices

The notices required to be given in pursuance of sections 11, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the Act shall be in the forms Nos. 9, 13, 10, 11 and 12 respectively in the Schedule to these Rules 1.1G.N. No. 439 of 1958

79. Penalties

Any person who commits an offence consisting of the breach or contravention of these Rules shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding three hundred shillings, and if the offence is of a continuing nature, a further fine not exceeding forty shillings for each day during which the offence continues.

Schedule

Forms

[Editorial note: The forms have not been reproduced]
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History of this document

31 July 2002 this version
Consolidation