Labour law – Disciplinary proceedings – Rule 13(5) of the Code of Good Practice – Scope limited to internal disciplinary hearings; CMA as quasi-judicial body may admit fresh evidence – CMA proceedings under ELRA are fresh hearings, not appeals from disciplinary committees.

Civil procedure – Appeal time-limits – Service of letter requesting copies of proceedings on respondent within 30 days – Rule 90(3) – Pre-amendment settled law – Certificate of delay – Overriding objective principle cannot cure failure to comply with mandatory time limits.

Civil procedure — pleadings and admissions — Order VIII (CPC) and section 65 (Evidence Act): evasive or non‑specific denial deemed admission; proof not required. Evidence — corroboration by witness statements and management/audit documents sufficient to establish debt. Contract evidence — failure to tender signed contract does not preclude judgment where plea admissions and other evidence prove the claim. Remedies — trial court’s discretion to award interest on decretal sums under CPC.

Civil procedure — Appeal timelines — Rule 90(1) and Form L — Certificate of delay must exclude days only from request to date of Registrar's notification that documents are ready — Defective certificate renders appeal time‑barred.

Civil procedure — Res judicata — Land dispute — Identity of subject matter and parties — Finality of prior decisions by competent tribunals — Bar to re‑litigation.

Civil procedure — misnomer/misidentification of parties — variations in contractual name — privity of contract — burden of proof under Evidence Act s122 — failure to produce certificate of incorporation — rectification of party names; appeal against strike-out for suing wrong party.

Criminal law – Murder – Unnatural death established by post‑mortem (fracture C4) – Recognition evidence and dying statement – Alibi credibility – Malice aforethought inferred from neck injuries, multiple blows, collaboration and flight – Sentence: death by hanging under ss.196–197 Penal Code.

Arbitration Act s75 — limited court review of arbitral awards; courts cannot re‑weigh facts; double recovery doctrine; remittal to arbitral tribunal for reconsideration; parties bound by pleadings; proof required for counterclaims and special damages.

Arbitration Act – Extension of time to seek leave to appeal – Grounds for extension: sufficient cause, accounting for delay, diligence, apparent illegality on the face of the record – Technical delay from an earlier incompetent appeal may justify extension.