Court of Appeal of Tanzania

This is the highest level in the justice delivery system in Tanzania. The Court of Appeal draws its mandate from Article 117(1) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. The Court hears appeals  on both point of law and facts for cases originating from the High Court of Tanzania and Magistrates with extended jurisdiction in exercise of their original jurisdiction or appellate and revisional jurisdiction over matters originating in the District Land and Housing Tribunals, District Courts and Courts of Resident Magistrate. The Court also hears similar appeals  from quasi judicial bodies of status equivalent to that of the High Court. It  further hears appeals  on point of law against the decision of the High Court in  matters originating from Primary Courts. The Court of Appeal also exercises jurisdiction on appeals originating from the High Court of Zanzibar except for constitutional issues arising from the interpretation of the Constitution of Zanzibar and matters arising from the Kadhi Court.

Physical address
26 Kivukoni Road Building P.O. Box 9004, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
21 judgments

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21 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2022
Failure to plead reasons for delay in the supporting affidavit bars an extension; written submissions are insufficient.
* Civil procedure — Extension of time — Supporting affidavit must plead and prove reasons for delay; statements from the bar insufficient. * Motion practice — Compliance with rules — Court must be satisfied rules followed even if application unopposed. * Delay — Applicant must account for each day; unexplained multi-year delay is inexcusable. * Respondent concession — Cannot confer jurisdiction or cure procedural defects.
8 December 2022
March 2022
Appeal dismissed: detailed summing up, corroborated dying declaration and autopsy supported murder conviction and death sentence.
* Criminal law – murder – circumstantial evidence and dying declaration – corroboration required and sufficiency of corroboration. * Criminal procedure – summing up to assessors – requirement to cover essential matters and when non-direction is fatal. * Evidence – medical (post-mortem) evidence – nature and location of wound supporting inference of malice aforethought.
31 March 2022
Appellant failed to prove title; serial transfers were void/tainted by fraud and Land Register must be rectified to first respondent.
Property law – ownership dispute over registered land; validity of series of sale transfers; alleged fraud in land transactions; weight of Registrar of Titles’ records and Land Office communications; refusal to enforce fraudulent transfers; rectification of Land Register; appellate review of trial judge’s evaluation of evidence.
31 March 2022
Review dismissed: applicant re-argued decided issues, not showing any patent error warranting Rule 66 review.
• Civil procedure – Review under Rule 66(1) – Review allowed only for patent error on face of record, denial of hearing, nullity, lack of jurisdiction, or fraud/perjury. • Labour law – CMA awards on repatriation, subsistence allowance and salary deductions – jurisdictional objections and time-bar complaints. • Review vs appeal – disgruntlement with prior judgment is not a ground for review; review cannot be used as an appeal in disguise. • Finality of litigation – judgments of the final court should not be routinely reheard.
30 March 2022
Whether the property was matrimonial and buyer bona fide; court held it was not matrimonial and buyer bona fide.
Land law – Matrimonial property – Whether property registered in one spouse’s name is matrimonial; burden of proof on claimant to show joint acquisition/occupation. Law of Marriage Act – consent to disposition – applicability when property is a matrimonial home or jointly acquired. Land transactions – bona fide purchaser for value without notice – importance of title documents and purchaser’s due diligence under Land Act.
29 March 2022
Appellate court dismisses appeal, affirms ownership based on credibility despite improper reliance on an untendered letter.
Land law — ownership dispute over unsurveyed land — credibility and possession — annexures to pleadings not evidence unless tendered — appellate review of concurrent findings on credibility.
29 March 2022
Circumstantial evidence and adequate summing up justified the murder conviction; no basis to order insanity inquiry.
* Criminal law – murder – circumstantial evidence – must point irresistibly to accused's guilt; three tests for reliability of circumstantial proof. * Criminal procedure – assessors – duty to adequately sum up; omission/misdirection may nullify trial. * Criminal procedure – inquiry into insanity under section 220 CPA – requires material to show accused might have been insane.
28 March 2022
Appeal struck out as time-barred because the applicant failed to serve the respondent with the written request for certified copies under Rule 90(3).
Civil procedure – Appeal time limits – Rule 90(1) and (3) Court of Appeal Rules – requirement that written application for certified copies be served on respondent – Registrar’s certificate of delay ineffectual if service requirement not complied with – appeal struck out as time-barred.
28 March 2022
Appeal against murder conviction dismissed: eyewitness and pathological evidence established malice aforethought; self-defence not proved.
* Criminal law – Murder – Identification and credibility of eyewitnesses – Corroboration by post-mortem report. * Criminal law – Mens rea – Malice aforethought inferred from weapon, force, injury location and conduct of attackers. * Criminal law – Self-defence/defence of property – burden to show good faith and reasonable belief; not established. * Evidence – Failure to call hospital witnesses not fatal where cogent eyewitness and medical evidence exists.
28 March 2022
Whether a ministerial extension under section 44 must run from expiry of the statutory limitation period, rendering later commencements ineffective.
Limitation law — section 44 Law of Limitation Act — ministerial extension — effect of section 44(2) requiring extension to run immediately upon expiry of statutory period; aggregate limitation period; dismissal under section 3(1) as decree; appealability under section 5(1)(a) Appellate Jurisdiction Act.
28 March 2022
CMA lacked jurisdiction over a dispute involving a public servant; proceedings quashed for failure to exhaust Public Service Act remedies.
Labour law – jurisdiction of CMA over public servants – Public Service Act s.32A requires exhaustion of internal remedies; definition of "public servant"; disciplinary matters reserved to Public Service Commission; appeal to President; CMA proceedings void for lack of jurisdiction.
28 March 2022
Retracted confession corroborated to prove unlawful cultivation, but evidence insufficient for unlawful possession.
* Criminal law – Drugs Control and Enforcement Act – unlawful cultivation (s.11(1)(a)) and unlawful possession (s.11(1)(d)) of cannabis sativa. * Evidence – cautioned statement retracted/confession repudiated – requirement for corroboration and circumstances where it may be acted upon. * Burden of proof – sufficiency of evidence to establish cultivation versus possession. * Procedure – contested legality of search and seizure and admissibility of exhibits (court unnecessary to decide).
25 March 2022
Extension of time granted where delay resulted from Registrar’s omission of exhibits and defective certificate of delay.
Extension of time – Rule 10 Court of Appeal Rules – Good cause – Delay caused by Registrar’s omission/misplacement of endorsed exhibits and defective certificate of delay – Applicant’s diligence – Right to appeal.
24 March 2022
An appellate court must not decide pecuniary jurisdiction on its own factual valuation without evidence; case remitted for retrial.
* Civil procedure – Jurisdiction – Pecuniary jurisdiction of DLHT – Fundamental issue that may be raised at any stage but requires evidence before factual determination. * Appellate review – Limitation on appellate courts making factual findings on matters not decided at trial and unsupported by record evidence. * Remedy – Where jurisdictional value was not determined below, matter should be remitted for de novo hearing to receive evidence on value.
22 March 2022
Failure to administer oath and to sign witness testimony at the CMA vitiates proceedings; matter remitted for rehearing.
Labour law – CMA procedure – requirement to administer oath or affirmation to witnesses (Rule 25(1), GN No. 67/2007 and Oaths Act) – arbitrator’s signature to witness evidence – procedural defects vitiating proceedings – remittal for de novo hearing.
22 March 2022
Not objecting to a tribunal’s pecuniary jurisdiction at trial constitutes submission; third appeals are limited to certified points of law.
* Civil procedure – Appeals from Ward Tribunal – third appeal—requirement of High Court certification under s.47(3) Land Disputes Courts' Act – Court of Appeal limited to certified points of law. * Jurisdiction – pecuniary jurisdiction of Ward Tribunal – failure to object at trial amounts to submission to jurisdiction. * Appellate review – concurrent findings of fact by lower tribunals not lightly disturbed in third appeal.
22 March 2022
Short, excusable reporting delay by a child does not defeat statutory rape conviction when medical and identification evidence corroborate.
Criminal law – Statutory rape – Elements: vaginal penetration, victim under ten, identity of offender; delay in reporting by a child victim – impact on credibility; reconciliation of minor contradictions between witnesses; medical report PF3 as corroboration of sexual assault.
22 March 2022
Wrong citation of punishment provision was curable; conviction for statutory rape upheld on the complainant’s credible evidence.
* Criminal law – Statutory rape – proof by complainant’s testimony – section 127(6) Evidence Act; * Criminal procedure – contents of charge – statement of offence must reference creating provision but citation of penalty is not mandatory; * Irregularity curable under section 388 Criminal Procedure Act where no prejudice shown; * Admission by plea for forgiveness – evidential value; * Medical evidence – inconsistencies do not necessarily vitiate prosecution case when complainant credible.
21 March 2022
Court upheld conviction for child rape and sodomy, expunged irregular exhibits and substituted illegal sentence with life imprisonment.
* Criminal procedure — substituted service by publication — compliance with section 381(2) CPA. * Evidence — admissibility of cautioned statements and PF3; expungement for procedural irregularity. * Sexual offences — victim’s testimony as best evidence; corroboration by witnesses and medical evidence. * Proof of age — deduction from charge sheet, voir dire and schooling particulars. * Sentencing — mandatory life imprisonment for unnatural offence against a child (section 154(2)). * Appellate powers — substituting illegal sentence under appellate/revisional jurisdiction.
21 March 2022
Complainant's credible testimony and medicolegal corroboration upheld rape conviction; appellant's alibi rejected as afterthought.
Criminal law — Rape — Proof of penetration, lack of consent and identity; corroboration by medical evidence (PF3/Exhibit PI) and eyewitness testimony; credibility of complainant under s.127(6) Evidence Act; alibi procedure and notice under s.194(4) Criminal Procedure Act; appellate interference with concurrent findings of fact.
21 March 2022
Appellants' unobjected confessions sustained conviction; mandatory EOCCA custodial sentence replaces fine option.
* Criminal law – confession – cautioned statements admitted without objection are presumed voluntary and may constitute overwhelming evidence to sustain conviction. * Criminal procedure – second appeal – appellate court will not disturb concurrent findings of fact absent misdirection or non-direction. * Evidence – issues of identification, chain of custody and witness contradictions immaterial where conviction rests on accused’s confession. * Sentencing – economic offences attract mandatory custodial minimum under section 60(2) EOCCA; option of fine or default imprisonment not permissible in such cases.
18 March 2022