High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
158 judgments

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158 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
January 2019
Appellants failed to prove lawful allocation or properly tender evidence; appeal dismissed and tribunal decision upheld.
Land law – proof of allocation – occupier must prove allocation by village authority on balance of probabilities – production of key witnesses and documents required. Evidence – weight of evidence and failure to tender documents – afterthought objections. Improvements – crops do not confer lawful occupation absent valid allocation. Procedure – right to call witnesses; closing case precludes later complaints.
31 January 2019
Plaintiff’s challenge to a caveat failed as time-barred and for not disclosing a cause of action; plaint rejected.
Land law – Caveat – Section 78 Land Registration Act – effect of s.78(6) (one-month suspension) – accrual of cause of action on notice – limitation (Item 21, First Schedule, Law of Limitation Act) – pleading requirements for caveat disputes – necessity of up-to-date search certificate – plaint failing to disclose cause of action – rejection under Order VII r.11(a)/r.12.
31 January 2019
Plaintiff’s caveat challenge dismissed for failing to plead the caveat, not showing register status and being time-barred.
Land law – Caveat under s.78 Land Registration Act – necessity to plead/annex caveat and file up-to-date search certificate; s.78(6) one-month suspension of registration; limitation – Item 21 Law of Limitation Act (60 days) – plaint failing to disclose cause of action – Order VII r.11(a) Civil Procedure Code – rejection of plaint.
31 January 2019
Objection to execution of a Primary Court attachment must be brought in the executing Primary Court under Rule 70; District Court lacked jurisdiction.
Procedure — Execution of Primary Court decree — Third‑party objections to attachment and sale — Rule 70, Magistrate’s Courts (Civil Procedure in Primary Courts) Rules GN. No. 310/1964 governs objections; Civil Procedure Code (CAP.33) not applicable to Primary Court matters absent express provision — Executing court must investigate objections — District Court lacked jurisdiction; proceedings nullified.
31 January 2019
Applicant failed to show sufficient cause for a six‑year delay to set aside dismissal for want of prosecution.
Extension of time – setting aside dismissal for want of prosecution; sufficient cause; duty to account for each day of delay; need for particularity in medical/caregiving excuses; alleged illegality requires attachment/particulars of impugned decision; costs awarded.
31 January 2019
Applicant lacked standing and unjustified delay; extension of time for revision of probate decision dismissed.
Civil procedure – extension of time under the Law of Limitation Act – delay and lack of locus standi in probate matters. Probate law – requirement of appointment (letters of administration/administratrix) before challenging estate distribution. Procedural competence – appeals struck out as incompetent must be remedied before pursuing revision. Equity – applicant’s conduct (seeking disproportionate share) relevant to relief.
31 January 2019
Application for extension denied because applicant, not appointed administratrix, lacked standing and alleged illegality was insufficient.
Civil procedure – Extension of time – Sections 14(1),(2) Law of Limitation Act and 3(1),(2) Magistrates' Courts Act – whether delay justified for revision application. Probate law – Locus standi – Person not appointed administratrix lacks standing to challenge estate distribution. Competence of appeal – Effect of appeal struck out on subsequent applications. Alleged illegality – Insufficiency of grounds to warrant extension of time.
31 January 2019
Combined mediation-arbitration without proper notice/agreement rendered CMA award irregular; quashed and remitted for rehearing.
Labour law – mediation and arbitration – combined process – requirement for notice and agreement under rule 18 GN 64 of 2007 – mediator’s role and completion of mediation formalities – procedural irregularity rendering CMA award void and remit for rehearing.
31 January 2019
Waiting for certified copies and legal aid can justify extension of time to appeal if the applicant acted diligently.
Extension of time – Law of Limitation Act s14(1), s19(2) – exclusion of time spent obtaining certified copies – diligence in obtaining legal aid – affidavit of court clerk not always necessary.
31 January 2019
Application for extension of time dismissed for failing to account for inordinate delay and lack of diligence.
Civil procedure — Extension of time — Applicant must account for each day of delay; delay must not be inordinate; applicant must show diligence (Lyamuya guidelines). Requirement of showing point of law or illegality on the face of the record as exceptional ground for extension. Computation of time — certification date and effect on appeal timetable.
31 January 2019
Appeal dismissed: insufficient evidence that attached property was matrimonial or that respondent was spouse of judgment debtor.
Civil procedure – execution and attachment – whether property attached is matrimonial – burden to prove marriage or joint ownership – non-party to sale agreement – proof by witnesses.
31 January 2019
Appeal dismissed: attachment quashed because appellant failed to prove marriage or that the attached property was matrimonial.
Property attachment – Matrimonial property – Requirement to prove marriage or joint ownership before attaching property of a non-party; Evidence – Proof of marriage or continuous cohabitation and acquisition timing of property; Procedural – Attachment against non-party where ownership not established.
31 January 2019
Leave to appeal refused; caveat emptor applies to subsequent purchaser and an absolute gift divests donor of resale rights.
Land law – leave to appeal – application for certificate on points of law – caveat emptor and subsequent purchasers; donation (gift) – effect of absolute donation on ownership; vendor’s rights after donation; possession and priority between donees and later purchasers.
31 January 2019
Arbitral award revised and rehearing ordered where arbitrator decided unpleaded probation termination, denying right to be heard.
Labour law — Revision of CMA award — Arbitrator deciding unpleaded issues (probationary termination) — Departure from issues framed — Denial of right to be heard — Rehearing ordered before different arbitrator.
31 January 2019
Court held communal-group death-consolation dispute non-justiciable; respondent failed to prove claim and appeal was allowed.
Civil procedure – Justiciability – disputes arising from small communal voluntary insurance or social sanction arrangements – ordinarily non-justiciable by ordinary courts. Evidence – Burden of proof – requirement to prove civil claim on balance of probabilities. Locus standi – raising standing objections where no cause of action exists. Procedural fairness – admission of cases and appellate oversight when jurisdiction or justiciability is in doubt.
31 January 2019
Advocate's mistake and lay status insufficient; unexplained 28-day delay and lack of arguable appeal warranted dismissal.
Land law — Extension of time to file appeal — Exclusion of time spent prosecuting a misfiled revision under s.21(1) Law of Limitation Act — Adequacy of reasons (advocate’s mistake, layperson) — Requirement to account for each day of delay — Arguable appeal and execution orders.
31 January 2019
Reliance on advocate's mistake and lay status did not justify extension of time to file an appeal.
Extension of time – Land Courts' Act s38(1) – Law of Limitation s21(1) (time spent prosecuting proceedings in incompetent court excluded) – sufficient cause requires accounting for each day of delay – factors: length of delay, reasons, arguable appeal, prejudice – no arguable appeal where execution/eviction order already issued.
31 January 2019
Court granted bail under EOCCA subject to statutory cash deposit and sureties to protect presumption of innocence.
Criminal procedure – Bail under the Economic and Organized Crime Control Act – Sections 29(4)(d), 36(1) and 36(5) – mandatory cash deposit where alleged property value is TShs 10,000,000 or more. Constitutional law – Presumption of innocence – Article 15(2)(a) – unreasonable denial of bail. Economic crimes – multi-accused proceedings and appropriate bail conditions to secure attendance.
31 January 2019
Applicant failed to prove forgery or unfairness; dismissal found substantively fair and terminal benefits denied.
Employment law – dismissal for misconduct – proof on balance of probabilities – credibility of admission/repayment agreement – alleged forgery or coercion must be specifically proved – procedural irregularities do not invalidate substantively fair dismissal (section 37(2) ELRA referenced).
31 January 2019
Appeal allowed where trial court ordered ex parte hearing without clear proof of service on the appellant.
Civil procedure — Service of process — Proof of service required before proceeding ex parte — Ex parte proof and instant hearing premature where service unclear — Lower court judgments quashed for lack of service.
31 January 2019
Failure to inspect locus in quo undermined tribunal findings; applicant entitled to ownership of the 8x10 paces only.
Land law – boundary/possession dispute – necessity of visiting locus in quo in boundary disputes – inspection of site important where factual measurements and encroachment issues arise. Jurisdiction – ward tribunal territorial competence – GN No.316/2002 governs DLHT jurisdiction, not ward tribunals. Evidence – need for clear, serious evidence to establish revocation of allocation or extension of possession into registered plots.
31 January 2019
Ward Tribunal had jurisdiction; appellant entitled to ownership of the 8x10 paces plot; DLHT mis-evaluated evidence.
Land law – boundary disputes – requirement to visit locus in quo – discretionary but absence of visit does not automatically invalidate findings if evidence fails to establish boundary claim. Jurisdiction – Ward Tribunal territorial competence – GN No. 316 of 2002 relates to DLHT jurisdiction, not deprivation of Ward Tribunal original jurisdiction. Evidence – evaluation of competing possession claims and proof of encroachment; small allocation (8 x 10 paces) held by appellant on available evidence.
31 January 2019
Extension granted where applicant misapprehended adjournment, lacked language understanding and was negotiating settlement.
Criminal procedure — extension of time to lodge appeal — conviction in absence — misapprehension of adjournment as acquittal, language barrier and failure of counsel to explain — negotiations with victim’s relatives — sufficient cause to extend time.
31 January 2019
Applicant granted certificate on four legal points arising from matrimonial property, revisional powers, s.160 relief, and unpleaded relief.
Appellate jurisdiction — certification of points of law — distribution of matrimonial assets in presumed marriages; revisional powers over ex-parte primary court judgments; availability of declaration of ownership under s.160(1) Law of Marriage Act; competence to grant unpleaded relief; substituted service by publication requires evidentiary basis.
31 January 2019
Court allowed extension where delay was caused by court’s failure to provide a copy of the judgment.
Extension of time – Delay caused by court’s failure to furnish copy of judgment – Credibility of lay litigant’s sworn account – Absence of annexed request letter not fatal to extension application.
30 January 2019
Extension of time granted where court delay in supplying certified judgment copy justified applicant's late appeal.
Civil procedure – extension of time to file appeal – delay explained by court's failure to avail certified copy of judgment – credibility of lay litigant – omission to annex request letter not fatal.
30 January 2019
A defective burglary charge and inadequate identification of stolen items meant the prosecution failed to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt.
Criminal law – Burglary – Wrong statutory citation (s.294 vs s.296) – defective charge affecting fair trial Criminal procedure – Section 388 CPC inapplicable to cure fundamental charge defects Evidence – Variance between charge-sheet particulars and witness evidence (values) Identification of property – claimant must describe items before tender; failure bars doctrine of recent possession Conviction – Prosecution must prove case beyond reasonable doubt; defects and variances fatal to prosecution case
29 January 2019
Procedural unfairness and bias in disciplinary proceedings warranted setting aside the CMA award and awarding compensation.
Labour law – unfair dismissal – absenteeism and misconduct; substantive vs procedural fairness. Administrative law – right to be heard – opportunity to object to exhibits. Natural justice – impartiality of disciplinary tribunals where employer chairs proceedings. Procedure – arbitrator considering unpleaded issues – misdirection. Remedy – revision and setting aside of CMA award; compensation and notice pay.
29 January 2019
Plaintiff diverted a sealed container to an unauthorized location, breaching the carriage contract; both suit and counterclaim dismissed.
Contract law – carriage of goods – diversion of route – fundamental breach where carrier takes sealed container to unauthorized distant location; Evidence – burden of proof on party alleging customs offence – receipt insufficient to prove conveyance of uncustomed goods; Customs detention – liability for detention depends on carrier’s adherence to contracted route and provable causation; Counterclaim – special damages require proof and documentary evidence.
29 January 2019
Applicant not entitled to special retirement award for lack of ten consecutive years but entitled to unpaid ex-gratia on restructuring (Tshs.9,330,498/=).
Employment law — termination by restructuring — entitlement to special retirement award requires ten consecutive years’ service; ex-gratia on restructuring under Managers’ Rules payable according to years served — unargued claims deemed abandoned.
29 January 2019
Tribunal proceedings nullified where assessors were substituted mid‑trial; no trial de novo ordered.
Land law – Composition of tribunal – Substitution of assessors mid-trial – Section 23(1) and (3) Land Disputes Courts Act, 2002 – Proceedings nullified; Tribunal chairman’s prejudicial remarks criticized; no trial de novo ordered.
28 January 2019
Applicants charged with grievous harm granted bail; alleged risks did not meet statutory non‑bailable grounds.
Criminal procedure — Bail — Application under s.148 Criminal Procedure Act — Bailable offence (s.222(a) Penal Code). Non‑bailable grounds — s.148(5) CPA — alleged risk to victim and interference with investigations not sufficient absent statutory basis. Presumption of innocence — denial of bail cannot rest on presumed guilt.
28 January 2019
Proceedings conducted by a Ward Tribunal with fewer than the statutorily required members are null and require a retrial de novo.
Land Disputes Courts Act s.11 – Ward Tribunal composition – minimum four members and three women – non‑compliance renders proceedings and orders null and void – remedy: trial de novo.
28 January 2019
Whether absence of reasonable and probable cause and malice were proved to sustain malicious prosecution claim.
Malicious prosecution — elements required (prosecution, favourable termination, absence of reasonable and probable cause, malice, damage); appellate acquittal does not automatically establish malicious prosecution; reasonable and probable cause assessed by honest belief on reasonable grounds; special damages must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved.
28 January 2019
Acquittal alone does not prove malicious prosecution; absence of probable cause and malice must be strictly proved.
Malicious prosecution — elements required (prosecution, favourable termination, absence of reasonable and probable cause, malice, damage) — acquittal alone insufficient to prove malicious prosecution — special damages must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved.
28 January 2019
Application for administration pendente lite denied due to material affidavit inconsistencies; court temporarily appointed heirs as administrators.
Probate law – administration pendente lite (section 38) – scope and interim powers of court-appointed administrator Evidentiary sufficiency – affidavit inconsistencies – material defect versus clerical error Interim protective measures – temporary appointment of heirs to administer estate and referral of intra-family disputes to Deputy Registrar Family disputes in probate – costs and court intervention limited to safeguarding estate
28 January 2019
Possession of drugs (as charged) is bailable; bail granted subject to section 148 CPA conditions and court-imposed terms.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – Possession of narcotic drugs is bailable under the Drugs Control and Enforcement Act, No.5 of 2015; section 29(1) lists unbailable offences and possession is not included; section 29(3) applies section 148 Criminal Procedure Act conditions mutatis mutandis; constitutional presumption of innocence noted in context of repeated arrests.
28 January 2019
Leave‑to‑appeal application struck out for failing to cite both s.47(1) LDCA and s.5(1) Appellate Jurisdiction Act.
Procedural law – leave to appeal from High Court sitting as Land Court – mandatory citation of enabling provisions – requirement to cite s.47(1) LDCA and s.5(1) Appellate Jurisdiction Act – failure to cite renders application incompetent and subject to being struck out.
25 January 2019
Customary law, not the Marriage Act, governs division of jointly acquired assets where parties cohabited without a valid marriage.
Family law — Cohabitation without marriage — Applicable law for division of jointly acquired assets: Local Customary Law (G.N. No.279/1963, ss.94–95) rather than Law of Marriage Act; section 95 grants woman a quarter share where she followed and assisted her partner. Second appeal — concurrent factual findings respected absent misapprehension or miscarriage of justice.
25 January 2019
Spousal consent is required for alienating matrimonial land, but purchaser's credible proof may validate the sale; spouse may redeem.
Land law – Sale of land involving married persons – Section 59(1) Law of Marriage Act – spousal consent required for alienation of matrimonial property. Evidence – Credibility and burden of proof – purchaser's evidence preferred over spouse's uncorroborated claim. Remedy – successful purchaser upheld; spouse may redeem by refunding purchase price, interest and developments.
25 January 2019
Extension of time granted where counsel's mistaken pursuit of review, in context, amounted to sufficient cause.
Appellate procedure – Extension of time under s.11(1) Appellate Jurisdiction Act; whether counsel's pursuit of review (not admitted) amounts to good cause; negligence or ignorance of law by counsel generally not sufficient but exceptions possible; discretion guided by overall circumstances and precedents.
25 January 2019
Applicant failed to prove sufficient cause, including medical evidence, for extension of time to seek review.
Extension of time — Law of Limitation Act s.14(1) — requirement to show sufficient cause — illness as potential good cause but must be supported by cogent medical evidence — mere assertions inadequate — need for arguable reviewable issue.
25 January 2019
Applicant's unproven sickness did not constitute sufficient cause to extend time to file a review application.
Procedure – Extension of time – Application under section 14(1) Law of Limitation Act – requirement to show sufficient cause; Evidence – Alleged illness as cause of delay – necessity for medical or cogent documentary proof; Civil procedure – Review – absence of serious or reviewable issue in impugned judgment; Limitation – delays must be reasonably accounted for.
25 January 2019
Application to compel estate account dismissed for lack of administrator authority and being premature.
Probate — locus standi of administrators — need for sanction/consent of co-administrators to institute proceedings; premature applications — effect of pending related proceedings on competence; admissibility/competence of supporting affidavits (jurat and identification).
24 January 2019
Appeal dismissed as time-barred; lender entitled to secured vehicle and trial award of general damages set aside.
Civil procedure – time limitation for filing appeals – appeal filed outside 30-day period is time-barred; extensions of time must be sought and justified. Loan/security – motor vehicle as security – lender entitled to take vehicle on default per loan agreement. Damages – general damages ordinarily need not be proved with particularity but may be set aside if unjustified by the circumstances.
24 January 2019
Appeal dismissed as time-barred; vehicle security deemed payable to lender and general damages set aside.
Civil procedure — Appeal time limits — appellant must apply for extension of time and account for delay; appeal filed outside 30-day period was time-barred. Contract/secured loans — vehicle given as security vests in lender per loan terms; value irrelevant. Damages — general damages need not be specifically proved but may be set aside where security in possession negates need for award.
24 January 2019
Void marriage does not bar division of jointly acquired assets; contribution must be proved and maintenance must match proven means.
Family law – void marriage for want of capacity – rights to division of assets acquired during cohabitation; Matrimonial property – section 114 Law of Marriage Act – need for evidence of contribution; Evidence – burden to prove extent of contribution; Company law – ownership by a company vs personal title; Maintenance – scope includes education and must be reasonable having regard to means.
24 January 2019
Applicant failed to show sufficient cause for extension; letters of administration lapsed and delay was unexplained.
Civil procedure – Extension of time – Whether sufficient cause shown under s.25(1)(b) & (3) Magistrate's Court Act – requirement to account for each day of delay. Probate law – Letters of administration – obligation to file inventory within six months under Probate and Administration of Estates Act – lapse of locus standi where inventory not filed. Proof of grounds – illness and subsequent economic activity not necessarily sufficient to justify extension of time; necessity to specify impugned decision date.
24 January 2019
Applicant failed to show sufficient cause for extension and lacked locus after letters of administration lapsed; application dismissed with costs.
Civil procedure – extension of time – application under s.25(1)(b) & (3) Magistrate's Court Act – requirement to show sufficient cause; Probate law – letters of administration – six-month requirement to file inventory under Probate and Administration of Estates Act – lapse of administration and loss of locus; Delay – need to account for each day of delay and insufficiency of illness/employment as unexplained grounds; Procedural – ex parte hearing where respondent absent.
24 January 2019
Applicant's omnibus, partly time‑barred request to stay execution and uplift a garnishee was struck out for incompetence.
Civil Procedure – High Court inherent jurisdiction (s.95 CAP 33) – availability where statute is silent; Stay of execution – Order XXXIX CAP 33 applicable to appeals; uncertainty as to application pending revision; Limitation – Item 21, Part III, Schedule to Limitation Act (CAP 89) – 60 days for applications under CPC where no period provided; Omnibus applications – combining unrelated reliefs (stay of execution and uplift of garnishee) renders chamber summons incompetent.
24 January 2019