High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
1,556 judgments

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1,556 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
October 2019
The applicants cannot enforce registration where the vendor lacked statutory approval, rendering the disposition inoperative.
Land law – disposition of registered land – statutory approval required under the Land Act; disposition without approval is inoperative; transferable right vests only after approval and payment of premia/dues; purchaser’s remedy against vendor for breach of contract; refusal to approve administratively challenged but proprietary relief unavailable where transfer was incomplete.
9 October 2019
Applicant’s non‑service and illegality claims failed to justify extension to set aside default judgment.
Civil procedure – Default judgment – Service of process – Whether defendant was validly served; Extension of time – Requirements for granting extension – Sufficient reasons and absence of dilatory conduct (Shanti v Shindocha); Illegality of judgment – When alleged illegality justifies extension; Order VIII r.14(1).
9 October 2019
Appeal allowed; convictions quashed for failure to prove rape and victim’s age, file remitted for possible DNA testing.
* Criminal law – sufficiency of evidence – rape – requirement that prosecution proves guilt beyond reasonable doubt; single witness and lack of corroboration. * Criminal law – proof of age – necessity of birth certificate or parental evidence to establish victim is under 18 for schoolgirl impregnation offence. * Forensic evidence – role of DNA testing where medical evidence of pregnancy exists but identity/causation is unproven. * Remedies – quashing convictions and remitting file for further investigation where prosecution evidence is inadequate.
9 October 2019
Court granted a six‑month temporary injunction preserving possession pending resolution despite weak prima facie proof, due to risk of irreparable harm.
Land — Temporary injunction — Atilio criteria (prima facie case, irreparable harm, balance of convenience) — Registered land: title deed as prima facie proof of ownership — Auction pending may render suit nugatory.
9 October 2019
Extension of time granted where misplaced court file and alleged jurisdictional illegality justified delay.
Extension of time – sufficient cause – misplacement/loss of court file and prompt follow‑up correspondence – dismissal for want of prosecution – alleged illegality at trial court as a special circumstance – Order IX Rule 9/Order XXXIX Rule 19 – judicial discretion.
8 October 2019
Extension granted where misplaced trial court file, prompt follow-up and alleged illegality constituted sufficient cause.
Limitation—section 14(1) Law of Limitation Act; Order XXXIX Rule 19 CPC; extension of time—sufficient cause; misplaced court file; promptness and diligence; apparent illegality/ jurisdictional usurpation; discretion to extend time.
8 October 2019
Amendment removed need for High Court leave in land appeals; application withdrawn with no order as to costs.
* Land law – Appeals – Misc. Amendment Act No. 3 of 2018 – Amended s.47 of the Land Disputes Courts Act removing requirement for High Court leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal. * Civil procedure – Withdrawal of application – Unopposed withdrawal – No order as to costs.
8 October 2019
Applicant withdrew land appeal application after amendment removed High Court leave requirement; withdrawn with no order as to costs.
Land law — Appeal procedure — Section 47 Land Disputes Courts Act — Misc. Amendment Act No. 3 of 2018 — removal of High Court leave requirement — withdrawal of application — costs.
8 October 2019
A s72 revision is incompetent if filed beyond the sixty‑day Limitation Act period without leave or extension.
* Probate & Administration Act s72 – application for revision – limitation period. * Law of Limitation Act (Cap. 89) Part III item 21 – sixty (60) days for revision applications. * Preliminary objection – time‑bar – jurisdictional bar to entertaining an application without extension/leave. * Procedural consequence – striking out a time‑barred application (as opposed to dismissal).
8 October 2019
Revision application struck out as time-barred for being filed beyond the 60-day statutory period without leave.
Civil procedure – Revision under section 72 Probate and Administration Act – Limitation period – Part III item 21 Law of Limitation Act (60 days) – Time-barred applications and jurisdiction – Failure to seek enlargement of time – Application struck out.
8 October 2019
Contempt requires clear service and proof beyond reasonable doubt; illegality can justify extension of time to appeal.
* Civil contempt — committal for disobedience — requirements: clear and unambiguous order; proper notice/ service; breach proved beyond reasonable doubt; burden on applicant. * Extension of time — discretionary relief — sufficient cause; applicant must account for each day of delay; arguable illegality of impugned decision can justify extension in interests of justice.
8 October 2019
Extension of time granted solely on the basis of a jurisdictional illegality despite unexplained delay.
* Civil procedure – Extension of time – Discretionary relief under Limitation Act s.14(1) – Applicant must account for each day of delay. * Defective decree – Delay caused by correction of decree – Duty to show diligence and produce supporting evidence. * Illegality – Jurisdictional defect may amount to sufficient cause; court may extend time in interest of justice.
8 October 2019
8 October 2019
Applicant failed to show triable issues, irreparable harm or favourable balance of convenience; temporary injunction refused.
Interlocutory injunction — principles: prima facie/triable issue, irreparable harm, balance of convenience — bank loan repayment dispute — application for temporary injunction refused.
8 October 2019
Applicant failed to account for delay; extension of time refused and application dismissed with costs.
Extension of time — Law of Limitation Act s.14(1) — Requirement to account for each day of delay — Application of Lyamuya guidelines — Diligence versus apathy — Seeking legal assistance not automatically excusing delay.
8 October 2019
Applicant failed to account for delay; extension of time to appeal refused under Lyamuya principles.
* Limitation of actions – extension of time under section 14(1) Law of Limitation Act – requirement to account for each day of delay; application of Lyamuya guidelines (accounting for delay, inordinate delay, diligence). * Procedural law – adequacy of reasons: late supply of judgment and status as layperson/need to find legal counsel not per se sufficient. * Discretionary relief – failure to show sufficient cause warrants dismissal with costs.
8 October 2019
Revision against an extradition decision struck out because the supporting affidavit was incurably defective and judicial review is appropriate.
Extradition — revisional jurisdiction where statute silent on appeal; Affidavit requirements — must state facts, not legal arguments or prayers; Preliminary objections — point of law must be pure to dispose of suit; Extradition orders by Minister are quasi-judicial and amenable to judicial review.
7 October 2019
Review dismissed: applicant showed no new evidence or apparent error and improperly sought to substitute review for an appeal.
* Civil procedure – Review – Scope limited to Order XLII(1)(b) grounds (new evidence, error apparent, fraud, denial of hearing, lack of jurisdiction). * Civil procedure – Scheduling orders – Departure requires application under Order VIIA Rule 4; failure to apply renders scheduling lapse effective. * Limitation – Part III item 21 of the Law of Limitation Act bars late applications to amend scheduling orders. * Review is not a substitute for appeal; courts will exercise review sparingly to protect finality of litigation.
7 October 2019
Review dismissed: applicant failed to establish review grounds and cannot use review as an appeal substitute.
Civil procedure — Review under Order XLII(1)(b) — limited grounds (new evidence, apparent error, fraud, other sufficient reasons); Review is not an appeal; Scheduling orders/fast-track rules — requirement to apply timely to depart or amend; Limitation Act bars belated applications to amend scheduling orders; Finality of litigation — review to be exercised sparingly.
7 October 2019
Defective statutory citation in the charge rendered guilty pleas, conviction and sentence null for denying a fair trial.
Criminal procedure — Charge must disclose essential elements and correctly cite statute — Defective statutory citation renders plea/conviction void for denying fair trial rights; guilty plea does not cure incompetent charge.
7 October 2019
Applicant’s illness from a wild-animal attack constituted sufficient cause for an extension to file appeal documents.
Criminal procedure — Extension of time to file appeal under s.361(2) Criminal Procedure Act and s.4 Written Laws (Misc. Amendment) Act — Sickness/injury from wild animal attack as sufficient cause to justify delay — Court may grant specified shortened periods to file Notice and Memorandum of Appeal.
7 October 2019
Appeal allowed where prosecution failed to prove ownership/employee relationship, creating reasonable doubt on cattle theft charge.
* Criminal law – Theft of cattle – Burden and standard of proof – Requirement to prove ownership/relationship relied upon for identification. * Evidence – Identification and admissions – Admissibility and sufficiency of alleged confession and conduct when ownership not established. * Procedure – Effect of defects in seizure/inventory and absence of documentary proof or guest-book entries on safe conviction.
7 October 2019
Conviction quashed where prosecution failed to prove a crucial employer–employee relationship, undermining proof beyond reasonable doubt.
* Criminal law – Cattle theft – Burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt – Necessity to prove material facts such as ownership/relationship claimed by prosecution – Failure to prove such material fact renders conviction unsafe.
7 October 2019
Respondent's failure to file a counter-affidavit justified granting an unopposed stay of execution pending appeal.
Civil procedure – Stay of execution/temporary injunction pending appeal – Respondent's failure to file counter‑affidavit treated as lack of opposition – Court may grant unopposed relief.
7 October 2019
Applicant’s revision dismissed: identities known, one improper attachment but garnishee lifted, breakdown order lawful and enforceable.
* Civil procedure – execution proceedings – representative suit – identities of ‘others’ must be disclosed and known; estoppel prevents late objections.* Execution – attachment and garnishee nisi – orders must correctly identify accounts; improper attachment may be remedied if garnishee lifted.* Res judicata – administrative/conciliation decisions do not necessarily bar execution of distinct monetary claims; trial court may require proof of payments.* Court orders – direction to provide payment breakdown is lawful, necessary to prevent double payment, and enforceable (non‑compliance may amount to contempt).
7 October 2019
Applicant's revision dismissed; court upheld requirement to produce payment breakdown and found procedural errors in account attachment.
* Civil procedure – representative suit – identities of represented claimants must be known; estoppel where party previously acknowledged identities/payments. * Execution – attachment and garnishee orders – must conform to the specific accounts ordered; wrongful attachment can be unwarranted. * Res judicata – CMA decision did not finally determine all claims; execution proceedings not barred. * Court orders – duty to produce payment breakdown to prevent double payment; non‑compliance may attract contempt.
7 October 2019
Conviction quashed where co-accused cautioned statements were admitted without inquiry and lacked corroboration.
Criminal law – admissibility of cautioned statements – mandatory inquiry into voluntariness when objection raised – confessions by co-accused require independent corroboration (s.33(2) Evidence Act) – conviction must be proved beyond reasonable doubt.
7 October 2019
An affidavit whose jurat omits how the deponent was identified is defective and will render the supported application struck out.
Affidavit jurat — Identification by Commissioner for Oaths — Jurat must state whether deponent personally known or identified to Commissioner — Defective jurat renders affidavit inadmissible — Application struck out — No costs where application drawn gratis.
7 October 2019
A defective jurat (failure to verify deponent's identity) renders the supporting affidavit incompetent and the application is struck out.
• Affidavit jurat — identity of deponent — Commissioner for Oaths must state whether he personally knows the deponent or was shown the deponent by a person known to him. • Affidavit verification — absence of proper verification renders affidavit defective and inadmissible. • Civil procedure — preliminary objection — defective supporting affidavit warrants striking out the application. • Extension of time — application for extension supported by defective affidavit is incompetent.
7 October 2019
The applicant failed to prove a binding generator rental contract; claim dismissed and non-party respondents not liable under privity.
Contract law — proposal vs binding agreement; essential elements of contract (offer/acceptance, parties, commencement/duration); burden of proof in civil (ex parte) proceedings — balance of probabilities; privity of contract — non-parties not liable on contract obligations.
4 October 2019
The applicant failed to prove a binding rental contract from a proposal; the claim was dismissed.
Contract formation — Proposal vs binding contract; essential elements (offer, acceptance, commencement, duration, intention); Burden of proof in ex parte proceedings — balance of probabilities and ss.110–111 Evidence Act; Privity of contract — non-parties not liable absent independent cause of action; Reliefs — claim dismissed for want of merit.
4 October 2019
Conviction unsafe where eyewitness identification was unreliable and key documentary exhibit was improperly admitted.
* Criminal law – identification evidence – necessity for watertight identification, identification parade and description of light, proximity and observation time for night identifications. * Evidence – improper admission of documentary exhibit; expunction of exhibit admitted without proper testing. * Proof beyond reasonable doubt – insufficiency where both identification and documentary proof of property are defective. * Law of Evidence Act, s.100 – written documents cannot be displaced by oral evidence.
4 October 2019
Court restored a dismissed matrimonial appeal after finding sufficient cause to extend time and set aside the dismissal.
* Civil Procedure — Order XXXIX, Rule 19 — setting aside dismissal for want of prosecution — restoration of appeal where applicant prevented by sufficient cause. * Limitation — s.14(1) Law of Limitation Act — extension of time — technical reasons can constitute sufficient cause. * Procedure — ex parte hearing permissible where respondent refutes service; court may decide on applicant’s affidavit evidence.
4 October 2019
High Court quashed lower courts’ distribution of matrimonial property and ordered retrial for lack of statutory grounds and evidence.
* Family law – Matrimonial property – Division or sale of assets acquired during marriage – Section 114(1) Law of Marriage Act (Cap 29 R.E.2002). * Family law – Grounds for divorce – Requirement of evidence under sections 107(1) and (2) Law of Marriage Act. * Civil procedure – Irregular proceedings and absence of requisite evidence – Quashing of lower courts’ proceedings and order for retrial de novo.
4 October 2019
Court quashed awards of the matrimonial home to children and ordered retrial for failure to follow statutory division and divorce rules.
* Family law – Division of matrimonial property – Applicability of s114(1) Law of Marriage Act – assets acquired by joint efforts are to be divided between spouses, not bequeathed to children who did not contribute; * Family law – Divorce procedure – Requirement to plead and prove statutory grounds under s107 of the Law of Marriage Act; * Procedure – Irregular proceedings and defective record justify quashing and retrial de novo.
4 October 2019
Appeal struck out for incompetence due to inconsistent/non‑existent case references and failure to attach impugned ruling.
Land law and civil procedure – appeal competency – requirement to correctly identify impugned decision and attach ruling/decree – consequences of referring to non-existent case numbers – application to set aside ex parte judgment – time limits (Order IX Rule 13(2)) and procedural compliance (Order XXXIX Rule 1 CPC).
4 October 2019
Court grants extension of time where delay resulted from trial court’s failure to supply ruling and drawn order.
Limitation Act s.14(1) – extension of time – discretion of the court – requirement of sufficient cause – delay in supplying copies of ruling/drawn order by court constitutes sufficient cause.
4 October 2019
Interim injunction extended for four months to maintain status quo pending resolution of ownership and rent dispute.
Land law – interim injunction – extension under Order XXXVII Rule 3; criteria: aggregate time limit, applicant’s diligence, interest of justice; AtHio v Mbowe principles; maintenance of status quo pending main suit; dispute over occupation and unpaid rent.
4 October 2019
Applicants granted bail under EOCCA subject to bond, sureties, passport surrender and court approval.
Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act — Bail — Exercise of judicial discretion under ss. 36(5) and 36(6); conditions of bail; sureties; surrender of travel documents; court approval of sureties.
3 October 2019
Sufficient lighting and a properly conducted identification parade upheld reliable visual identification, so the appellants’ convictions were sustained.
Criminal law – Visual identification – requirement to describe source and intensity of light; Identification parade – compliance with PGO 132; Corroboration of identification evidence; Proof beyond reasonable doubt.
3 October 2019
Whether visual identification and a PGO 132-compliant parade proved the respondent’s case beyond reasonable doubt.
* Criminal law – Identification – Visual identification at scene aided by artificial light – adequacy and description of light. * Criminal procedure – Identification parade – compliance with PGO 132 and admissibility of identification parade register. * Evidence – corroboration and assessment of witness credibility – standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt.
3 October 2019
Applicant found re-engaged after 2016 retrenchment and unfairly terminated in 2018; CMA award set aside and limited compensation awarded.
Labour law – retrenchment – existence and timing of retrenchment; continuation/re-employment after retrenchment – statutory presumption of employment (s.61 LIA); time-bar for challenging retrenchment (30-day rule) and condonation; unfair termination for lack of fair procedure; assessment of contradictory witness evidence.
3 October 2019
A prima facie name/trademark dispute existed, but no irreparable harm shown, so interim injunction was refused.
* Trade mark/company name dispute — application for interim injunction to restrain use of similar name pending trial * Interlocutory injunction requirements — prima facie case, irreparable injury, balance of convenience * Prima facie case found, but irreparable harm not established; balance of convenience favours registered company * Discretion to grant injunction refused where adequacy of damages and hardship to respondent outweigh applicants’ claim
3 October 2019
Whether bail is permissible for applicants charged with unlawful possession of government trophies and on what security and surety conditions.
Criminal procedure — Bail pending trial — Economic offences involving property exceeding Tshs.10,000,000 — Application of s.36(5)(a) EOCCA (as amended) — Requirement of bond or deposit and acceptable proof of immovable property/title deed — Conditions for sureties, travel restrictions, surrender of travel documents, and court attendance.
3 October 2019
An appellant who withdraws an appeal after respondents have appeared is liable to pay respondents' costs.
Civil procedure – Withdrawal of appeal – Costs – Where appellant withdraws an appeal after respondents have entered appearance and incurred costs, the withdrawing appellant may be ordered to pay respondents’ costs.
3 October 2019
The applicant's withdrawal of the appeal requires the applicant to pay the respondents' costs.
Civil procedure – Withdrawal of appeal – Entitlement to costs – Where appellant withdraws appeal after respondents entered appearance, costs follow party who caused appearance; conduct of parties relevant to costs order.
3 October 2019
Court ordered written determination of preliminary objections before addressing the petition’s merits to preserve proper record.
Arbitration Rules (GN No. 427/1957) – Rule 6 (title) and Rule 8 (annexures) – Procedural defects; Preliminary points of objection – must be decided before merits; Court’s discretion to order written hearing to preserve record.
3 October 2019
Preliminary objections must be pure points of law; reliance on annexures converts them into merits and requires trial, not dismissal.
Land law – jurisdiction of land tribunal; Civil procedure – preliminary objection must be a pure point of law and not depend on annexures or disputed facts; Procedural irregularity – improper reliance on documentary annexures and dismissal where striking out was appropriate; Appeal – quashing of tribunal ruling and remitting for trial on merits.
2 October 2019
Applicants charged in high-value EOCCA offences granted bail subject to half-value cash deposit, bonds, surrender of IDs, monthly appearances, and movement restrictions.
Bail — Economic and Organized Crime Control Act (Cap.200) — section 36(5) mandatory conditions where alleged property value exceeds TShs.10,000,000 — half-value cash deposit and bond for balance — surrender of travel documents and movement restrictions — presumption of innocence and constitutional right to bail.
2 October 2019
Bail denied where money laundering charged under EOCA remains non-bailable under the CPA.
* Criminal procedure – Bail – Money laundering charged under EOCA – Applicability of CPA s.4(2) and s.148(5)(a)(iv) – Non-bailable offence where no express provision to the contrary. * Precedent – Later Court of Appeal decision (Rugemalira) prevails over earlier inconsistent authority.
2 October 2019