High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
1,556 judgments

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1,556 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2019
Extension under s.361(2) granted where court‑supplied defective notice and good‑faith delay made filing late but excusable.
Criminal procedure – extension of time to file notice of appeal under s.361(2) CPA – good cause – factors to consider (length of delay, reasons, prejudice, diligence) – defective notice titled to wrong court – reliance on court/prison‑supplied form by incarcerated appellant – ignorance of law inapplicable – time spent pursuing appeal in good faith excusable delay.
20 December 2019
Bail cannot be granted where statutory provision bars bail for trafficking heroin weighing 20g or more; application struck out.
Drugs – Bail – Trafficking in heroin weighing 20g or more is statutorily non-bailable (Drugs Control and Enforcement Act s.29(1)(a)); Criminal Procedure Act s.148(5)(a)(ii) – bail governed by statute; application struck out as incompetent.
20 December 2019
Affidavits lacking proper jurat (place/date/attestor’s details) are incurably defective and render the application incompetent.
* Criminal procedure – Extension of time – Application by Chamber Summons must be supported by valid affidavits; jurat must state attestor’s name, place and date as required by s.8 Notary Public and Commissioner for Oaths Act – absence of place/date renders affidavit incurably defective.
20 December 2019
Applicants granted extension to file appeal after demonstrating diligence and good cause under s.361(2) CPA.
Criminal procedure — Extension of time under s.361(2) CPA — "Good cause" requires promptness and diligence — Prisoner-applicant delays — Prospects of success not considered at extension stage — Discretionary grant of extension.
20 December 2019
Extension of time to appeal struck out for reliance on wrong statutory provision and an incurably defective affidavit.
* Criminal procedure – extension of time to appeal – Section 361(2) CPA – applicability limited to appeals to the High Court (from subordinate courts). * Procedure – wrong enabling provision – application incompetent if court not properly moved. * Evidence/affidavit – jurat must state place of swearing per s.8 Notary Public and Commissioner for Oaths Act – omission is incurable. * Overriding objective – cannot cure defects going to competency of the application.
20 December 2019
Applicant charged with economic forest offences granted bail with strict s.36 security and supervisory conditions.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – Presumption of innocence – Burden to prove risk of non-appearance – Economic offences – s.36 Economic and Organized Crime Control Act: security equal to at least half value of property/money involved – Conditions of bail for protection of public interest in natural resources.
20 December 2019
Bail application dismissed as res judicata and court functus officio due to prior DPP‑backed dismissal.
* Criminal procedure – bail – Effect of DPP’s certificate objecting to bail – certificate remains effective until proceedings conclude or withdrawn. * Res judicata and functus officio – a court will not re‑entertain a bail application already finally determined by another court of concurrent jurisdiction. * Remedy to challenge prior decision is appeal, not refiling identical application in another court.
19 December 2019
Applicant charged with unlawful possession of government trophies granted bail subject to EOCCA section 36 conditions.
* Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – EOCCA ss.29(4), 36(1), (5) and (6) – bailable offence involving government trophies under Wildlife Conservation Act – security equal to half the value of subject matter – cash or title deed, two sureties, passport surrender and travel restrictions.
19 December 2019
Court partly allowed appeal, ordering 50/50 division of the home and 30% share for respondent in the family shop.
Family law – division of matrimonial property – assessment of contributions (money, property, work) – whether second spouse’s contribution must be considered – adjustment of shares where non-marital contributions established.
19 December 2019
Memorandum of Appeal struck out for argumentative grounds and fatal mis‑naming; mandatory procedural rules not curable by overriding objective.
Civil procedure – Preliminary objections – Order XXXIX Rule 1(2) CPC – Grounds of appeal must be concise and non‑argumentative; mis‑naming of parties in Memorandum of Appeal is a fatal defect; amendment must be sought before objection; overriding‑objective cannot cure mandatory procedural provisions.
19 December 2019
Applicant failed to prove good cause for a 12-year delay; extension of time to appeal was refused.
Criminal procedure – Extension of time under s.361(2) CPA – Requirement to show "good cause" – Adequacy of affidavit evidence of prior filing and steps taken – Excessive delay (12 years) disentitles applicant to extension.
19 December 2019
Delay in obtaining certified proceedings is good cause to extend time to file an appeal; appeal to be filed within 30 days.
Extension of time – whether delay in supply of certified copies of proceedings constitutes good cause; Magistrates' Courts Act s.25(1); Criminal Procedure Act s.361(1)(b) – exclusion of time used to obtain copies; costs not awarded where respondent did not cause delay.
19 December 2019
Leave to appeal granted on substantial legal issues about third‑party insurance rights and appellate evaluation of evidence.
Appellate procedure – leave to appeal under s.5(1)(c) AJA and Rule 45(a) – test: substantial question of law or matter of general importance; Insurance law – third-party claims under insurance policies and requirement of contractual privity or prior judgment; Evidence – appellate evaluation of evidence and application of sections 58–60 Evidence Act.
19 December 2019
Conviction quashed for unreliable visual identification and lack of evidence linking the appellants to the arrest.
* Criminal law – Armed robbery – Visual identification – Evidence of identification at locus in quo must be watertight; unexplained delay or failure to inform police undermines reliability. * Criminal procedure – Arrest and proof – Need to connect arrest to alleged crime via evidence of arresting officers. * Evidence – Afterthoughts – Material facts first raised at trial and not at earliest opportunity may be treated as afterthoughts undermining credibility.
19 December 2019
Applicants charged under EOCCA entitled to bail; court imposed cash/title security, sureties, surrender of travel documents, and verification.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial under EOCCA s29(4) and s36; presumption of innocence; test for bail is probability of appearance; security calculation where subject matter has monetary value; surrender of travel documents and sureties; verification by trial magistrate.
19 December 2019
The applicant cannot sue the respondent insurer directly; insurer’s liability arises after judgment against the insured.
Motor insurance – nature of contract (indemnity vs guarantee); third‑party claims against insurer; Motor Vehicle Insurance Act s.10(1) – insurer liability contingent on judgment against insured; procedural requirements to join insurer or obtain judgment first; third party’s lack of direct enforceable right absent statute or judgment.
19 December 2019
High Court dismissed certiorari challenge to dismissal, finding procedure and jurisdiction of disciplinary and appellate bodies lawful.
Judicial review — Prerogative order of certiorari; grounds: illegality, procedural fairness, unreasonableness, excess/lack of jurisdiction; Public Service Regulations (Reg.47(10),47(11),61(3),62(2)); secondment vs. transfer — employer and disciplinary authority; scope of High Court review (not appellate).
19 December 2019
Whether disciplinary and appellate public service decisions were void for breach of natural justice, delay, or lack of jurisdiction.
* Judicial review – Certiorari – Review limited to illegality, excess of jurisdiction, denial of natural justice, unreasonableness. * Public service disciplinary proceedings – clarity of charge, right to be heard, statutory time limits. * Employment status – secondment versus transfer and disciplinary authority. * Procedural defects – absence of some records or unsigned minutes not necessarily fatal.
19 December 2019
Court struck out repeat application for extension of time to file notice of appeal as functus officio.
Criminal procedure – extension of time to file notice of appeal – repetition of earlier application – functus officio/absence of jurisdiction – administrative recourse to prison and trial court for records.
19 December 2019
Court granted six-month extension to file estate inventory/accounts pending related administration and transfer proceedings.
Probate — Extension of time to file inventory and accounts — Court’s discretion to extend time where related proceedings (appointment of administrators and transfer of decreed shares) affect estate administration — Six months' extension granted.
19 December 2019
Unproven e‑filing/network failure does not justify extension of time to file a rejoinder; appeal proceeds on existing record.
* Civil procedure – Extension of time – Application requires sufficient and credible reasons supported by evidence – Alleged e‑filing/network failure must be proven. * Procedural fairness – Rejoinder not indispensable – Absence of rejoinder does not automatically warrant dismissal of appeal. * Judicial discretion – Court may refuse extension where reasons are speculative or uncorroborated.
19 December 2019
Unsupported delay reasons do not justify extension; absence of a rejoinder does not bar determination of the appeal.
Civil procedure — Application for extension of time to file rejoinder — Need for credible reasons for delay; speculative network-failure claims insufficient — Rejoinder not essential to determination of appeal.
19 December 2019
A prisoner was granted extension to file appeal documents after showing delay caused by prison authorities.
* Criminal Procedure Act (s.361(2)) – extension of time to file Notice and Petition of Appeal – Court’s discretion where good cause is shown. * Criminal Procedure Act (s.363) – prisoner’s appeals to be presented through officer in charge – reliance on prison authorities may explain delay. * Procedural law – good cause for delay – unchallenged affidavit attributing delay to custodial procedures suffices to grant extension.
19 December 2019
Alleged illegality and a technical defect (failure to attach decree) justified extension of time to file the appeal.
* Limitation of actions – extension of time under section 14(1) of the Law of Limitation Act – whether illegality in impugned decision amounts to sufficient cause. * Civil procedure – struck out appeal for failure to attach decree – distinction between striking out (curable) and dismissal (final). * Legal negligence – when counsel’s lapse constitutes inaction precluding extension. * Withdrawal and refiling – effect of striking out and ability to refile appeal.
19 December 2019
Court sanctioned statutory amalgamation, transferring assets and dissolving the petitioner without winding up, subject to registration with Registrar.
* Companies law – Amalgamation – Court sanction of amalgamation under Companies Act sections 229(1) and 231(1)(a)–(f) and (2). * Corporate procedure – Validity of shareholder and board resolutions as basis for amalgamation. * Consequences – Transfer of assets, liabilities and undertakings; dissolution without winding up. * Compliance – Requirement to register amalgamation order with Registrar of Companies.
19 December 2019
Plaintiffs failed to produce the alleged written loan agreement; no breach proven and suit dismissed.
Contract law — specific performance and currency conversion; Evidence Act — burden of proof (s.110) and requirement for written instruments/secondary evidence (s.101); admissibility of emails to vary written credit facilities; failure to prove contractual breach — dismissal of claim.
19 December 2019
Plaintiffs failed to prove the alleged loan agreement; specific performance and damages claims dismissed.
Contract law – burden of proof of existence and terms of contract (s.110 Law of Evidence Act); Written contracts and inadmissibility of extrinsic evidence to vary terms (s.101 Law of Evidence Act); Specific performance and damages – failure to prove contractual obligation or causative loss.
19 December 2019
Affidavit lacking a jurat renders an extension application incompetent and is struck out.
* Criminal procedure — application for extension of time — requirement of supporting affidavit. * Affidavit law — jurat/attestation — total absence of jurat renders affidavit incurably defective. * Affidavit law — contents — prayers in affidavit are improper and may be struck out, but do not necessarily nullify the whole affidavit.
19 December 2019
19 December 2019
Delay caused by late extraction/supply of decree and reasonable document preparation constituted sufficient reason for extension of time.
Law of Limitation – extension of time to appeal – delay due to late supply/extraction of decree – sufficiency of reasons – factors for exercise of discretion (length of delay, reasons, arguability, prejudice).
19 December 2019
An unexplained sixteen-year delay in pursuing an appeal does not constitute "good cause" for extension of time.
Criminal procedure — Extension of time under s.361(2) Criminal Procedure Act — Applicant must show "good cause" — Duty to account for delay — Prisoner’s transfer/delay in obtaining records insufficient without proactive pursuit.
19 December 2019
Applicant failed to show sufficient cause or evidence for extension of time; application dismissed with costs.
Extension of timeLaw of Limitation Act s.14(1)  discretion to grant extension; requirement to show sufficient cause and account for every day of delay; need for evidence of steps taken to obtain certified copies of judgment.
19 December 2019
Preliminary objections failing the Mukisa test were dismissed because they raised factual issues requiring evidence, so the suit proceeds on the merits.
Government Proceedings Act s.6(2) — statutory 90‑day notice; Civil Procedure Code Order VI r.15(2) — verification of plaint; preliminary objection — Mukisa test; distinction between pure points of law and factual issues; service evidence (dispatch book).
19 December 2019
Court stayed litigation pending arbitration, finding respondents prima facie bound as participants/beneficiaries under the Trust Deed.
Arbitration clause in Trust Deed; stay of court proceedings pending arbitration; who is bound—participants/beneficiaries under a trust; timing for stay applications (after appearance, before WSD/other steps); serious allegations (fraud/dissolution) do not automatically oust arbitration.
19 December 2019
Applicants charged under EOCCA granted bail pending trial subject to cash/property deposit, sureties, passport surrender and movement restrictions.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – EOCCA s.29(4)(b) and s.36(5)(a) – deposit of cash or property equivalent to half value involved – apportionment among multiple accused – sureties, bail bonds, surrender of travel documents, movement restriction.
19 December 2019
Appellate court dismisses challenge to asset division and custody, finding trial court properly assessed contributions and children's welfare.
* Family law – Divorce – Division of matrimonial assets – Section 114 Law of Marriage Act – assessment of monetary and non‑monetary contributions; improvement of separately‑owned property. * Family law – Custody – Sections 125–127 Law of Marriage Act – welfare of the child as paramount; parental conduct and neglect as grounds for custody to mother. * Evidentiary standard – requirement of tangible proof of contribution for equitable distribution. * Polygamy/customs – cultural differences may affect relevance of certain factors under s.114(2).
18 December 2019
Applicants granted bail pending trial under EOCCA subject to s36 security, sureties, passport surrender and verification.
Bail – right and presumption of innocence – application under sections 29(4) and 36(1) EOCCA – statutory conditions: cash bond or title deed, promissory bond and sureties – apportionment of security among multiple accused – verification by trial magistrate.
17 December 2019
Appeal partly allowed — trial judgment lacked reasoned evaluation and contained a substantive mismatch with the decree, matter remitted for fresh judgment.
Civil procedure – Judgment must contain objective evaluation of evidence and findings on balance of probabilities; defective or unreasoned judgments warrant remittal. Decree varying from judgment may be substantive, not clerical, and requires correction by the trial court. Special damages must be pleaded and proved; general damages are discretionary but must be supported by reasoning.
17 December 2019
Trial judgment lacked objective evaluation and contained a substantive judgment–decree mismatch; matter remitted for fresh reasoned judgment.
Civil procedure – requirement for judgments to contain objective evaluation of evidence and findings on balance of probabilities; variance between judgment and decree – substantive error not correctable as clerical mistake; special damages must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved; discretion in awarding general damages must be judiciously exercised.
17 December 2019
Applicant granted further extension to file appeal; res judicata objection overruled.
Criminal procedure — Extension of time to file Notice and Petition of Appeal — res judicata and functus officio — "second bite" doctrine — good cause required for extension — re-approach to High Court after appeal struck out.
17 December 2019
Reference against Taxing Master's taxation dismissed; new EFD receipt issue not entertained and discretion upheld.
* Taxation reference – application to set aside Taxing Master's award – exceptional interference only where taxing officer misdirects or fails to exercise discretion judicially; * Advocates' Remuneration Order GN No.264/2015 – 9th Schedule – applicability to contentious matters; * Electronic Fiscal Device (EFD) receipts – evidentiary and procedural requirement – cannot be raised on reference if not argued at taxation; * VAT in bill of costs – allowable if incurred and evidenced; * Civil procedure – scope and limits of reference against taxation decision.
17 December 2019
A revision filed more than 60 days after the impugned ruling without leave is time-barred and struck out with costs.
Limitation of actions — Schedule III Item 21 (Law of Limitation Act) — sixty-day rule — civil revision — time-bar; Revisional jurisdiction — requirement of lower court record; Overriding-objective (section 3A) cannot cure statutory limitation; Preliminary objection — striking out for want of jurisdiction/time.
17 December 2019
Applicant awarded unpaid retainer fees and costs after proving retainer agreement and invoices in respondent’s absence.
* Contract law – Retainer agreement – proof of existence and terms by documentary evidence (exhibit PI). * Proof of debt – invoices and demand notice as evidence of outstanding retainer fees (exhibit P2). * Civil procedure – defendant’s failure to file defence; ex parte hearing justified. * Evidence – burden of proof under section 110(1) of the Evidence Act – uncontradicted evidence entitles claimant to decree. * Remedies – decretal sum and costs awarded.
17 December 2019
Review application struck out for being filed by chamber summons instead of the required memorandum of review.
Civil Procedure — Review — Form of application — Order XLII Rules 1 and 3 require memorandum of review (mutatis mutandis from appeal); chamber summons and affidavit improper — competence — Preliminary objection — wrong enabling provisions — general Section 95 may be disregarded where specific provisions govern.
17 December 2019
Improper involvement of assessors and failure to record their opinions vitiated the trial, warranting nullification and retrial de novo.
Land Disputes Courts Act – composition and role of assessors; assessors’ questions permissible only after re-examination and by leave; prohibition on chairman/assessors cross-examining witnesses; duty to record and consider assessors' opinions and give reasons for departure; High Court revisional powers and retrial de novo where material irregularity affects merits.
17 December 2019
Failure to record assessors' written opinions vitiates the Tribunal's decision and warrants a retrial de novo.
Land Disputes — Assessors — Mandatory requirement to obtain and record assessors' opinions in writing (s.23, Reg.19(2)) — Failure to show assessors' active participation renders Tribunal's decision a nullity — High Court revisional powers (ss.42,43 Land Disputes Courts Act) — Remittal for hearing de novo.
17 December 2019
An application for leave to file an out-of-time appeal was struck out for being founded on the wrong statutory provision.
Criminal Procedure Act – extension of time to file appeal – section 361(2) vests High Court discretion to admit out-of-time appeals – wrong statutory citation renders application incompetent – application struck out.
17 December 2019
Court finds disputed plot was sold, fraud not proved; suit dismissed and plaintiff ordered to surrender title deed.
Contract — sale of land — written agreement as primary evidence (Evidence Act s.100) — exception for fraud (s.101) — higher standard to prove fraud — burden of proof and balance of probabilities — adverse inference where key witness not called — obligation to surrender title deed under contract.
16 December 2019
An appeal lodged against a non‑party in probate proceedings is fatal and will be struck out; refile only with proper party substitution and extension of time.
* Probate and administration — appeal filed against non-party — competence of appeal. * Parties — caveator appearance transforms probate proceedings into ordinary civil suit (petitioner as plaintiff, caveators as defendants). * Amendment — substitution of parties after appeal filed is not merely technical and may be fatal. * Procedural remedy — striking out of incompetent appeal; leave to refile upon extension of time.
16 December 2019
Appellant failed to prove ownership of cattle and did not call the herder; appeal dismissed for lack of evidence.
* Civil procedure — second appeal — interference with factual findings only where there is misdirection or non-direction on evidence; * Evidence — burden of proof rests on party alleging facts (sections 110 and 111, Law of Evidence Act); * Tort/vicarious liability — owner’s liability for servant’s negligence requires proof of ownership and connection; * Failure to call material witness (herder) may be fatal to proof of ownership and causation.
16 December 2019