High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
556 judgments

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556 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
February 2024
Applicant granted 20-day extension to file appeal after bona fide pursuit and delay caused by lack of certified tribunal ruling.
* Civil procedure – extension of time to file appeal – Land Disputes Courts Act s.41(2) and Law of Limitation Act s.14(1), s.21(1). * Good cause/sufficient cause – requirement to account for each day of delay; bona fide pursuit of rights in pending proceedings may constitute good cause. * Competence of appeal – necessity to attach certified ruling and drawn order when appealing from District Land and Housing Tribunal. * Discretionary relief – circumstances warranting enlargement of time to enable merits determination.
12 February 2024
High Court lacks jurisdiction to revise an interlocutory execution order lifting attachment; revision struck out.
Civil procedure – Revision and jurisdiction – Interlocutory orders – Execution proceedings – Order uplifting attachment – Magistrates Courts Act s.43(2) and Civil Procedure Code s.79 – Restoration under s.95 – Competency of preliminary objection.
12 February 2024
An Order XXI Rule 57 application lacking particulars of attached property is premature and struck out.
Civil Procedure – Order XXI Rule 57(1) – objection to property attached in execution – applicant must specify sufficient particulars of attached property; Preliminary objections – Mukisa principle – objections must be pure points of law not requiring evidence; Company litigation – necessity/quality of board resolution/minutes; Conflict of interest – advocate’s prior involvement (not determined).
12 February 2024
Landlord misrepresentation and breach of duty to inform tenant of demolition led to damages award and costs.
* Land/titles – lease and dealership agreement – misrepresentation as to ownership – effect where landlord is not the owner and withdraws land litigation. * Contractual relationship – landlord/licensor’s duty of care to tenant to disclose material threats to occupation (e.g., demolition notices). * Civil procedure – submission of no case to answer versus preliminary objection on limitation – no‑case submission cannot be used to raise time‑bar afterthought. * Damages – proof of special and general damages; requirement of specific evidence for some heads and allowance where proof is reasonable on the facts.
12 February 2024
Appellant failed to prove sufficient contribution; appellate division of matrimonial property upheld and appeal dismissed.
* Family law – Divorce – Division of matrimonial property – s.114 Law of Marriage Act – assets acquired before marriage but substantially improved during marriage qualify as matrimonial property. * Evidence – extent of contribution (monetary or otherwise) must be proved by evidence (documents or testimony). * Property registered in child’s name is not matrimonial property for division. * Burden to prove contribution; absence of sale agreement or corroboration defeats claim.
12 February 2024
A convict's transfer and lack of access to judgment constituted good cause to grant extension to file an appeal out of time.
* Criminal procedure – extension of time – section 361(2) Criminal Procedure Act – discretion to admit appeal out of time where good cause shown. * Prisoners’ rights – transfer and lack of access to judgment/records – reliance on prison officers to pursue appeals as good cause for delay. * Appeal – leave to file notice of appeal and appeal out of time – condition of filing within specified period.
12 February 2024
Oral evidence of purchase can suffice to prove land ownership; ex parte default allows reliance on unchallenged evidence.
Land law – proof of title – ownership may be proved by credible oral evidence; Evidence Act s.110 burden of proof; effect of defendant's default and ex parte proceedings; tribunal may grant reliefs consistent with pleaded prayers.
12 February 2024
Applicant’s denial of executing the mortgage raised a triable issue; leave to defend in the summary mortgage suit was granted.
Civil procedure – Summary suit arising from mortgage – leave to defend under Order XXXV r.3(1)(c) – mortgagor must demonstrate loan discharged or loan not taken – triable issue on affidavit sufficient to grant leave; incorrect rule citation curable.
12 February 2024
12 February 2024
Applicant's failure to tender bus tickets at trial meant no sufficient cause to restore the dismissed suit.
Civil procedure – restoration of dismissed suit – sufficiency of cause – annexures not evidence – obligation to tender exhibits at trial – appellate courts will not entertain new matters not raised below.
12 February 2024
Convictions quashed where recent-possession and identification requirements were not satisfied; prosecution failed to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Criminal law – Doctrine of recent possession – requirements: possession with accused; positive prior identification as complainant’s property; recent theft; correspondence with the charge – failure to comply vitiates conviction; Identification and prior description of stolen property; adequacy of circumstantial evidence; seizure from third parties and duty to call witnesses; juvenile sentencing safeguards.
12 February 2024
Preliminary objection on locus standi improperly decided amid disputed factual issues; matter remitted for full hearing.
Civil procedure – Preliminary objection – must raise a pure point of law; cannot decide disputed facts or issues requiring evidence; locus standi – factual determination through full hearing; probate/administration disputes – letters of administration and revocation require evidence before adjudication.
10 February 2024
Possession, seizure certificate and corroborating evidence proved knowledge and common intention; appeal dismissed.
Criminal law – Drug trafficking – Possession and knowledge – Seizure certificate and exhibits – Failure to cross‑examine – Inference of common intention from coordinated travel and shared possession – Sufficiency of prosecution evidence.
10 February 2024
Taxing Officer erred expunging applicant’s timely submission over clerical case-number error and dismissing Bill of Costs.
* Taxation of costs – Bill of Costs – expunging of timely written submissions due to incorrect case number – dismissal for want of prosecution. * Procedural fairness – duty to invite parties to address new issues arising in composition of a ruling before expunging documents or dismissing proceedings. * Overriding objective – curability of clerical errors in case references where no prejudice shown. * Order 7 Advocates Remuneration Order – propriety of reference where dismissal followed expungement of submissions.
10 February 2024
Revision was inappropriate where the appellant was a party heard; the proper remedy was appeal, so the appeal was dismissed.
* Probate law – appointment and revocation of administratrix – remedy where aggrieved party was a party and heard in original proceedings – appeal vs revision. * Civil procedure – revisional jurisdiction – revision is not available where alternative remedy (appeal) exists. * Civil procedure – clerical omissions in judgments – curable by correction under court rules, not substantive ground for revision.
9 February 2024
TCRA complaint procedure limits court jurisdiction for telecom disputes, but claims against non‑regulated parties and notice service remain for trial.
• Administrative law – TCRA statutory complaint mechanism for regulated communications and right of appeal to FCT – effect on High Court jurisdiction. • Civil procedure – preliminary objection: pure law versus mixed fact and law – limits of resolution at preliminary stage. • Government Proceedings – section 6(2) mandatory 90‑day notice to Attorney‑General/Solicitor General; service is a factual issue.
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
Appeal allowed: respondent failed to prove contractual breach; ex parte award set aside; costs follow the event.
Contract law – breach and damages; burden of proof in civil cases (Evidence Act ss.110,112,115); admissibility/stamp duty issue; lifting corporate veil; ex parte judgment set aside for lack of proof.
9 February 2024
An online filing is effective only upon payment of court fees; late payment renders the application time-barred.
* Civil procedure – Appeals – Leave to appeal and certificate of point of law – time limits under Court of Appeal Rules (Rule 46). * Electronic filing – Effectiveness of online submission – filing completed upon payment of court fees; payment date is filing date (John Chuwa principle applied post-GN No.148/2018). * Time bars – Late payment of filing fees renders an application time-barred absent satisfactory explanation.
9 February 2024
Appeal dismissed: prosecution proved malicious damage elements, chain of custody, and reliable eyewitness identification; convictions and four-year sentences upheld.
Criminal law – Malicious damage to property (s.326(1) Penal Code) – elements: damage, wilfulness/malice, perpetrator; Evidence – eyewitness identification and arrest at scene; Ownership – receipts not required where credible oral evidence establishes ownership; Chain of custody – seizure certificate and exhibits register sufficient; Appellate review – minor contradictions not fatal to prosecution case.
9 February 2024
Technical delay and mistaken procedure justified a 30‑day extension to appeal a DLHT dismissal.
* Civil procedure — Extension of time — Application of Lyamuya guidelines (account for delay; not inordinate; diligence; other sufficient reasons). * Land procedure — DLHT dismissal under Regulation 13(2)&(3) GN.173/2003 — Proper remedy is appeal to High Court under Regulation 13(4) and s.41(2) Land Disputes Court Act. * Technical delay/mistaken procedure — pursuing set-aside at DLHT rather than appeal may justify limited extension where applicants acted diligently.
9 February 2024
An identification parade without a prior description is unreliable and cannot sustain the appellant's conviction.
Criminal law – Unnatural offence; Identification parade – compliance with Police General Orders and requirement of prior detailed description; Identification evidence – identification parade of no value where no pre-parade description; Dock identification alone insufficient to sustain conviction; Appeal – re-evaluation of evidence by first appellate court.
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
Outpatient injuries did not constitute sufficient cause to extend time for filing a criminal appeal.
Criminal procedure – Extension of time to appeal – Sufficient cause – Medical incapacity alleged but unsupported – Outpatient treatment insufficient to excuse delay – Application of section 20(3) Magistrates Courts' Act (Cap.11 R.E.2019).
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
Tribunal misapplied Regulation 15; dismissal for want of prosecution quashed and proceedings restored.
* Land law – dismissal for want of prosecution – Regulation 15, GN No.174/2003 – requirement of three consecutive months of non-attendance. * Tribunal procedure – Regulation 11(1)(b) – dismissal on day of hearing if applicant absent. * Evidence – court record presumption rebuttable by affidavits and opposing counsel’s admissions. * Remedy – quashing dismissal and restoring proceedings.
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
Conviction for stealing by servant upheld on circumstantial evidence; custodial sentence replaced by restitution order.
Criminal law – Stealing by servant – Circumstantial evidence may establish guilt if it pins liability to accused; burden of proof lies on prosecution; elements of stealing (possession, dishonest conversion, lack of consent) must be proved; s.366 Criminal Procedure Act – court may substitute custodial sentence with restitution and conditional release.
9 February 2024
Court upholds tribunal’s grant of extension to set aside ex parte judgment for denial of hearing and apparent illegality.
Land law — Ex parte judgment — Application to set aside under Order IX Rule 9 CPC; Extension of time — section 14(1) Law of Limitation Act — requirements for sufficient cause (Lyamuya principles); Illegality/apparent jurisdictional defects and denial of right to be heard as grounds for extension; Appellate review of discretionary decisions — Mbogo v Shah principles.
9 February 2024
Allocation created a limited tenancy; plaintiffs failed to prove ownership and their suit was dismissed, defendants entitled to collect rent.
Land law — allocation of government land for construction of kiosks — conditional allocations and recovery period — tenant/occupier relationship — reversion of structures to local authority after ten years — failure to prove ownership — entitlement to demand rent and close non-compliant kiosks.
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
Accused convicted of trafficking over 50kg of khat; mandatory life imprisonment and vehicle forfeiture ordered.
Drug offences – Trafficking in narcotic drugs (Catha edulis/khat) – Government Chemist analysis; chain of custody and custody seals; effect of imperfect inventory under s.36(1) DCEA; signing seizure certificate as evidence of possession; mandatory life sentence and forfeiture of vehicle.
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
High Court certified legal issues on procedural fairness and protection of bona fide purchaser’s title for Court of Appeal consideration.
Appellate Jurisdiction Act s.5(2)(c) – certificate on point of law required for appeals in matters originating from primary courts; Right to be heard – whether decisions entered without hearing persons with vested interests can stand; Bona fide purchaser for value without notice – protection of title from collateral proceedings in which purchaser was not a party; Competence of certificate application.
9 February 2024
An oral employment contract was unfairly terminated without required notice; CMA award of TZS 700,000 for terminal dues confirmed.
Labour law – oral employment contract – unfair termination – employer’s duty to prove valid reason and follow termination procedure (s37, s41) – entitlement to terminal benefits under s44 – employer’s failure to comply with NSSF, Workers Compensation and tax obligations.
9 February 2024
Failure to tender a Marriage Conciliation Board certificate renders divorce proceedings a jurisdictional nullity.
Family law – Divorce – Law of Marriage Act s.101 – mandatory referral to Marriage Conciliation Board and production of certificate – certificate must be tendered and form part of record – failure to comply deprives court of jurisdiction – proceedings and ensuing appeal nullity.
9 February 2024
9 February 2024
Appellate court affirms that locus inspections are discretionary and that credible oral evidence of gift can prove land ownership.
Land law – proof of ownership: strict standard but oral evidence and evidence of gift may suffice; burden of proof rests on the party alleging ownership. Civil procedure – locus in quo: inspection discretionary, required only where ambiguity or demarcation issues exist. Appellate review – re-evaluation of evidence: appellate court may uphold trial credibility findings absent compelling reasons to overturn them.
9 February 2024
Executing court failed to properly execute the matrimonial decree, wrongly denying the applicant maintenance and neglecting statutory procedures.
Family law – Execution of matrimonial decree – Division of matrimonial property; Maintenance orders – executability during execution; Civil Procedure Code s.38 and Order XXI – duty of executing court to determine disputes on identity, ownership and executability; Valuation and execution irregularities; Remedy – quashing of execution orders and remittal for proper execution.
9 February 2024
DPP misapplied s.91(1) by re‑instituting charges dismissed for want of prosecution instead of setting aside the dismissal.
Criminal procedure — DPP's power to withdraw charges (s.91(1) CPA) — limits and proper use — re‑institution after dismissal for want of prosecution — remedy is to apply to set aside dismissal — late withdrawals risk abuse of process.
9 February 2024
Pre‑litigation negotiations did not revive the applicant's time‑barred contractual claim; suit dismissed with costs.
Contract law – limitation period – cause of action accrues on last relevant transaction; six‑year limit for contractual claims; pre‑litigation negotiations do not revive time‑barred claims; written signed acknowledgement required to restart limitation; pleadings and corporate relationships may suffice to disclose cause of action against directors/shareholders.
9 February 2024
An appeal from a Primary Court filed directly in the High Court is jurisdictionally incompetent and is struck out.
• Appeals procedure – Appeals from Primary Court to High Court must be by petition filed in the District Court (Magistrates' Courts Act s.25(3),(4); GN No. 312/1964 Rules 4 & 5). • Jurisdiction – Failure to follow mandatory appellate route is jurisdictional and renders the appeal incompetent. • Procedure – Direct institution of appeal in High Court from Primary Court is incurably defective and must be struck out. • Remedy – Appellant may file fresh petition via District Court in accordance with governing rules and Limitation Act.
9 February 2024
Reliance on objected evidence without a ruling rendered the trial court's judgment nullity; matter remitted for fresh judgment.
* Evidence – Admissibility – Objection deferred to judgment but relied upon in decision – Court must rule on admissibility before relying on exhibit; failure is fatal. * Civil procedure – Amendment of plaint – Substitution/removal of trade name permissible under Order IX r.10(1) where bona fide mistake and necessary for determination of dispute. * Remedies – Nullity of judgment and remittal where trial court relies on unruled objectionable evidence.
9 February 2024
A plaintiff's administrator appointment by a primary court lacking the deceased's territorial jurisdiction is void; suit dismissed with costs.
• Probate & Administration — Primary court territorial jurisdiction — Administrator appointment valid where deceased had fixed abode within the court's local limits. • Magistrate's Courts Act (Fifth Schedule) — A primary court without territorial jurisdiction cannot validly appoint an administrator; subsequent appointment is void ab initio. • Civil procedure — Jurisdictional challenge and locus standi where multiple letters of administration exist for same estate. • Letters of administration — Two conflicting appointments by different primary courts are improper; earlier unrevoked appointment prevails.
9 February 2024
Extension of time denied for failure to prove good cause, medical evidence, or advocate engagement.
Extension of time – discretion to grant extension – requirement to show good cause and account for each day of delay – sickness and advocate's non-feasance as potential grounds but require proof – filing of notice during alleged sickness undermines sickness claim.
9 February 2024
Application for extension of time to seek leave to appeal struck out after statute removed leave requirement.
* Appellate jurisdiction – amendment by Legal Sector Laws (Misc. Amendments) Act No.11/2023 – removal of leave to appeal requirement in civil proceedings. * Civil procedure – extension of time to apply for leave – effect of subsequent change in law – application overtaken by events. * Costs – no order where change arises from operation of statute.
9 February 2024