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High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

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24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
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https://jmap.judiciary.go.tz/jmap/jmap-hc
7,181 judgments
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7,181 judgments
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Judgment date
December 2025
Adriano Zegeli Kisamba vs Gabriel Katole (Land Appeal No. 11656 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7602 (8 December 2025)
Res judicata bars re-litigation of the same land dispute decided by competent tribunals; appeal dismissed with costs.
Civil procedure — Res judicata — Land dispute — Identity of subject matter and parties — Finality of prior decisions by competent tribunals — Bar to re‑litigation.
 8 December 2025
Egibert Thobias vs Republic (Misc. Criminal Application No.23347 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7575 (8 December 2025)
Prisoner’s transfer and custodial restraints, coupled with timely notice to appeal, constituted good cause to extend time to file the appeal.
Criminal procedure – extension of time to file appeal under s.382(2) CPA – good cause – transfer of prisoner and custodial restraint as good cause – lodging notice of intention to appeal within ten days – prejudice to respondent.
 8 December 2025
Harmony Memorial Company Limited vs Ifakara Town Council and Others (Civil Case No. 4070 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7620 (8 December 2025)
Failure to prove service of mandatory 90‑day statutory notice renders suit against Government incompetent and struck out with costs.
Government Proceedings Act (s.6(2) & s.6(3)) – mandatory 90‑day statutory notice – proof of service (signature, office stamp, date) as jurisdictional requirement; misjoinder of Solicitor General; arbitration clause objection not determined after jurisdictional defect.
 8 December 2025
Jisuri Jisaba vs NMB Bank PLC and Others (Land Appeal No. 11414 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7578 (8 December 2025)
An appeal lacking the decree and supported by a mismatched judgment is incompetent and must be struck out.
Civil procedure – competence of appeal – Order XXXIX Rule 1 CPC – requirement to accompany memorandum of appeal with decree and judgment – effect of non-compliance – incompetent proceedings cannot be amended.
 8 December 2025
Joseph Emmanuel Mussa vs Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 27203 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7606 (8 December 2025)
Unsworn witness testimony is inadmissible; conviction quashed and retrial ordered.
Criminal procedure – Administration of oath/affirmation – Section 212(1) CPA mandatory – Unsigned/ambiguous record ("s/s") insufficient – Unsworn testimony has no evidential value – Retrial ordered – Conviction quashed.
 8 December 2025
Joseph Kibedi @Lyasita vs Republic (Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 000020386 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7615 (8 December 2025)
Prisoner’s transfer and delayed receipt of judgment constituted sufficient cause to extend appeal deadlines.
Criminal procedure — Extension of time to appeal — s.382(2) CPA — Prisoner transfer and delayed access to judgment — Sufficient cause and accounting for delay.
 8 December 2025
Kanu Equipment Tanzania Limited vs Prosper Daudi Tesha (Civil Case No. 10806 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7604 (8 December 2025)
Court records mediated settlement as consent judgment, fixing payment schedule, conditional waiver of interest and execution on default.
Civil procedure – Mediation and consent judgment – Recording and adoption of deed of settlement under Order XXIII r.3 – Repayment schedule and conditional interest waiver – Execution on default.
 8 December 2025
Kanu Equipment Tanzania Limited vs Prosper Daudi Tesha (Civil Case No. 13262 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7605 (8 December 2025)
Court recorded mediated settlement as consent judgment requiring defendant to pay USD209,438.37 in specified instalments.
Mediation and settlement — Recording and adoption of deed of settlement as consent judgment — Order XXIII r.3 Civil Procedure Code — Payment schedule and conditional interest waiver — Execution on default of instalments — Settlement of multiple cases.
 8 December 2025
Kimasi Ndaletyani Mgema and Others vs Kamando Mgema (Land Revision No. 14418 0F 2025) [2025] TZHC 7621 (8 December 2025)
The applicant's revision challenging an interlocutory tribunal ruling that did not finally determine the suit is incompetent.
Land law — Revision jurisdiction — Interlocutory orders — Section 47 LDCA (revisional power) and section 55 LDCA (application of CPC) — Section 89(2) CPC bars revision of interlocutory decisions unless they finally determine the suit — Joinder — Strike out with costs.
 8 December 2025
Leonard Christopher Mahanga vs Mufindi Paper Mills Limited (D.C Civil Appeal No. 19117 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7601 (8 December 2025)
Court allowed appeal: name variations did not make the respondent a wrong party; matter remitted for merits with costs.
Civil procedure — misnomer/misidentification of parties — variations in contractual name — privity of contract — burden of proof under Evidence Act s122 — failure to produce certificate of incorporation — rectification of party names; appeal against strike-out for suing wrong party.
 8 December 2025
Nestory Masele Elias and Another vs Republic (Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 000024282 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7616 (8 December 2025)
Bail granted because prosecution failed to prove statutory weight precondition; charge-sheet allegations alone are insufficient.
Criminal procedure — Bail — Trafficking in narcotic drugs — Statutory precondition (weight/value) for denial of bail — Charge-sheet alone insufficient — Need for certificate/affidavit proving weight/value — High Court jurisdiction where value uncertain — DPP evidentiary burden in bail proceedings.
 8 December 2025
Republic vs Sekeye s/o Zakaria (Criminal Session No. 3697 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7597 (8 December 2025)
Recognition and post‑mortem cervical fracture evidence established murder and malice aforethought; accused sentenced to death.
Criminal law – Murder – Unnatural death established by post‑mortem (fracture C4) – Recognition evidence and dying statement – Alibi credibility – Malice aforethought inferred from neck injuries, multiple blows, collaboration and flight – Sentence: death by hanging under ss.196–197 Penal Code.
 8 December 2025
Afya Microfinance Limited vs Lilian Kabasele Mnubi (PC. Civil Appeal No. 26912 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7556 (5 December 2025)
Consent judgment entered against an unjoined person is a nullity; change of parties without leave renders proceedings incompetent.

Civil procedure – Joinder and amendment of pleadings – Consent judgments – Validity of consent judgment against unjoined person – Change of parties on appeal without leave renders proceedings incompetent – Objection to execution under summary procedure.

 5 December 2025
Crdb Bank Plc and Locus Debt Management Limited vs Shani Hemed Binally and Sadiki Muhibu Jaffu (Civil Appeal No. 26345 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7619 (5 December 2025)
Whether general damages for breach of an auction sale may be awarded without evidential support.
Contract law – Breach of sale at public auction – Innocent purchaser for value – General damages – Quantum must be supported by evidence and reasons – Appellate variation of damages.
 5 December 2025
George Peter vs Teddy Minja (Land Appeal No. 11329 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7618 (5 December 2025)
Failure to sufficiently and consistently describe suit property under Order VII Rule 3 is fatal; DLHT judgment quashed.
Civil procedure — Order VII Rule 3 CPC — sufficiency of description of immovable property — contradictory pleadings and evidence (different street names) fatal to decree — inability to pass executable order — revisionary powers s.44(1)(b) Magistrates Courts Act — appeal allowed and DLHT judgment quashed.
 5 December 2025
Hassani Salmini Ntandu (As an Administrator of the estate of the late Mariam Kholo Mrasii) vs Msisi Village Council and 3 Others (Land Case No. 23046 of 2024) [2025] TZHC 7617 (5 December 2025)
5 December 2025
Hon. Attorney General and Board of the Trustees of the National Social Security Funds vs Henan Highway Engineering Group Company Limited (Civil Case No. 7353 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7539 (5 December 2025)
Summary judgment for unpaid NSSF penalties granted due to defendant's failure to apply for leave to defend.
Civil procedure – Summary suit (Order XXXV) – Failure to apply for leave to defend results in deemed admission under Order XXXV Rule 2(2); Recovery of NSSF contributions and statutory penalties – s.79(2) NSSF Act; Awards of interest and costs in summary judgment.
 5 December 2025
In the Matter of Grant of Probate of Estate of the Late Professor Godwin Parmena Kaaya (Deceased) and In the Matter of Resealing of Grant of Probate Granted to Felix Sylvanus Kaaya as Executor of the Will of the Late Professor Godwin Parmena Kaaya (Misc. Civil Application No. 20170 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7551 (5 December 2025)
Whether a Kenyan grant of probate may be resealed in Tanzania where the deceased left Tanzanian assets and procedural requirements were met.
Probate — Resealing of foreign probate — Jurisdiction under PAEA s.95 — Procedural compliance (publication, inventory) — No caveat — Commonwealth grant.
 5 December 2025
John Christopher Chinga vs Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 2705 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7546 (5 December 2025)
Conviction for unnatural offence upheld where teacher and medical evidence corroborated child’s testimony; life sentence mandatory.
Criminal law – Unnatural offence (section 154 Penal Code) – Child victim – corroboration by teacher and medical report (PF3) – delay in reporting – failure to specify dates – mandatory life sentence for offences against persons under 18.
 5 December 2025
Khalid Mzamiru Khalid vs Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 11914 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7598 (5 December 2025)
Rape conviction upheld but 30-year sentence quashed after accused found to be a minor; release ordered.
Criminal law – Rape – victim’s evidence and PF3 medical report as corroboration – immediate identification at scene – age of accused determined by dental examination – juvenile sentencing under Penal Code s131(2) – illegality of adult custodial sentence for a minor – compensation against child invalid.
 5 December 2025
Maria Salvatory vs Slivanus Leopord (Land Appeal No. 000011171 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7552 (5 December 2025)
Appellant’s written disposition proved ownership; appellate court quashed tribunal judgment and declared appellant lawful owner.
Land law — proof of ownership — written disposition vs oral customary gift — burden of proof on balance of probabilities — weight of documentary evidence (Exhibit A1) — adverse inference for non‑called witnesses not warranted — appellate re‑evaluation of credibility and locus in quo evidence.
 5 December 2025
Mganga Misana Tumbo vs Kulwa Adam Lusaka (Civil Reference No. 25423 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7558 (5 December 2025)
Whether the taxing master wrongly applied liquidated-sum scales to an unliquidated damages claim, causing excessive instruction fees.
Advocates Remuneration Order — 9th Schedule (liquidated sums) v 11th Schedule (non-liquidated matters); taxing master's discretion; instruction fees; taxation reference; misdirection on applicable scale.
 5 December 2025
Musa Daudi Hamis @Dum Dum vs Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 24023 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7550 (5 December 2025)
Appeal dismissed; court found prosecution proved unnatural offence and causing bodily harm beyond reasonable doubt.
Criminal law – Unnatural offence – Victim’s evidence may suffice if credible; corroboration strengthens the case – Minor discrepancies in time/date immaterial – Bruises constitute actual bodily harm under section 241.
 5 December 2025
Nasri s/o Kahabi Masunga @ Nyangaka vs Republic (Criminal Revision No. 0000023618 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7545 (5 December 2025)
Unauthorized alterations to a charge without court leave are nullities; record expunged and remitted for trial to continue.
Criminal procedure — Amendment of charge — Section 251(1) CPA — Prior leave of court required — Amendments beyond leave are nullities — Right to fair hearing (Article 13(6)(a)) — Expungement and remittal as appropriate remedy.
 5 December 2025
National Microfinance Bank PLC vs Zakayo Zakaria Sulle and Others (Miscellaneous Land Application No. 000019676 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7535 (5 December 2025)
Extension of time granted where judgment decided issues different from those framed, constituting an apparent illegality.
Civil procedure — Extension of time — Lyamuya test — Technical delay excusable — Apparent illegality on face of record — Judgment determining issues different from those framed — Procedural fairness and notice of judgment delivery.
 5 December 2025
Panzu Company Limited vs Innocent Simon Ngowi and Others (Labour Revision Application of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7557 (5 December 2025)
Termination was substantively and procedurally unfair; frustration not proven and CMA compensation award upheld.

Employment law – unfair termination – substantive and procedural fairness – frustration of contract not established – failure to conduct disciplinary hearings or give contractual notice – retrenchment procedures and compensation under section 41 ELRA.

 5 December 2025
Pauline Jelemia vs Prakiseda Barinabas (Land Appeal No. 12621 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7576 (5 December 2025)
Tribunal’s failure to visit locus in quo amid conflicting boundary evidence warranted nullification, quashing and remittal for proper site inspection.
Land law – locus in quo – Discretion to visit locus in quo; visit necessary where pleadings and evidence materially conflict on boundaries/neighbours; appellate nullification and remittal where failure to visit prejudices fair resolution.
 5 December 2025
Republic vs Ernest Mashurano Byekwaso (Criminal Session No. 000004408 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7553 (5 December 2025)
DNA evidence undermined by broken chain of custody and statutory non‑compliance; accused acquitted of murder.
Criminal law – murder – forensic evidence – Human DNA Regulation Act compliance – chain of custody – sample collection, labelling, storage, transmission and authorisation – unexplained delay – adverse inference for failure to call material witnesses – acquittal for want of proof beyond reasonable doubt.
 5 December 2025
Salim Hassan Sefu and Others vs Sefu Hassan Sefu (Misc. Land Application No. 8379 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7549 (5 December 2025)
Extension of time refused for unpleaded illegality and unproven financial hardship, applicants failed to account for delay.
Land law — Extension of time — Section 41(2) Land Disputes Courts Act — Requirements under Lyamuya: account for delay, diligence, non-inordinate delay — Illegality must be pleaded and apparent on face of record — Financial hardship may suffice only if exceptional and evidenced.
 5 December 2025
Tabu Nyamarori vs Mahende Wambura (Land Revision No. 000000861 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7611 (5 December 2025)
DLHT wrongly declined jurisdiction based on an unpleaded claim that the land lay in two wards.
Land law – Jurisdiction of District Land and Housing Tribunal – territorial jurisdiction is the district; pecuniary limits govern monetary competence – Pleadings bind parties; unpleaded assertions cannot oust jurisdiction – Location of land is a factual/evidential issue, not a preliminary pure point of law – Ward tribunal mediation requirement and remedies for procedural defects.
 5 December 2025
Adamu s/o Seleli alias Nkulu and Another vs Republic ((DC) Criminal Appeal No. 22381 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7506 (4 December 2025)
Appeal allowed: convictions quashed due to inadequate identification and unreliable, conflicting cautioned statements.
Criminal law – Armed robbery – Identification at scene – Admissibility and reliability of cautioned statements – Repudiation and conflicting confessions – Need for corroboration – Unsafe conviction and sentence set aside.
 4 December 2025
Ally Bilali vs Yahaya Mahamudu Kashamka (Civil Appeal No. 9285 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7495 (4 December 2025)
Whether the respondent maliciously prosecuted the applicant; court held no malice and reasonable probable cause existed.
Malicious prosecution — elements — malice; reasonable and probable cause; refiling withdrawn charge does not alone prove malice; evidential weight of witness identification and circumstances.
 4 December 2025
Anselim Makingi vs Michael Sanga Charles (Criminal Appeal No. 7294 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7543 (4 December 2025)
Whether an inconsequential hearsay paragraph should be expunged rather than cause striking out of the applicant's restoration application.
Civil procedure — Affidavit defects — Hearsay paragraph in affidavit — Expungement of inconsequential offensive paragraphs vs striking out entire application — Appeal against striking out order — Remittal for determination on merits.
 4 December 2025
Baltazari Legissa Nangulile vs Sindie Nkolili and Another (Miscellaneous Land Application No. 000026220 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7511 (4 December 2025)
Illegality in execution (possession beyond decree) justified extension of time to file revision; applicant to file within 30 days.
Land law – Execution of decree – Possession handed over beyond tribunal’s award – Illegality in execution as sufficient cause for extension of time – Extension of time discretionary; manifest illegality warrants reopening by revision.
 4 December 2025
Board of Trustees of the National Social Security Fund and Another vs Registered Trustees of Seventh Day Adventist Church t/a South Nyanza Conference (Civil Case No. 21237 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7555 (4 December 2025)
Summary judgment for the applicant for unpaid pension contributions, penalties, interest and costs after respondent failed to seek leave.
Civil procedure – Summary judgment under Order XXXV CPC – Failure to seek leave to defend – Allegations in plaint deemed admitted – Recovery of unpaid statutory pension contributions and penalties – Interest and costs.
 4 December 2025
CRDB Bank vs Lilian Joseph Badi (Civil Case No. 000031598 of 2024) [2025] TZHC 7484 (4 December 2025)
Ex-parte judgment enforcing a loan agreement: defendant liable for principal, damages, contractual and penal interest.
Contract law – Loan facility – Existence and enforcement of signed loan agreement – Default constitutes breach – Ex-parte proof on balance of probabilities – Awards: principal, general damages, contractual and penal interest, post-judgment interest, costs.
 4 December 2025
D. D. Ruhinda and Company Limited vs The Hon. Attorney General and The Board of Trustees of the National Social Security Fund (Misc. Civil Application No. 20261 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7489 (4 December 2025)
Applicant who paid over 50% of claimed NSSF contributions granted leave to defend the summary suit.
Civil Procedure — Order XXXV Rule 3(3) — Summary suit for recovery of social security contributions — Mandatory deposit or security equal to 50% of contributions claimed (GN No. 569 of 2025) — Compliance permits leave to appear and defend where triable issue exists.
 4 December 2025
Hamadi Salehe Hassani vs Registered Trustees of Deeper Christian Life Ministry and Others (Land Appeal No. 32136 of 2024) [2025] TZHC 7547 (4 December 2025)
Appellant failed to prove estate title; village allocation and respondent’s registration upheld; appeal dismissed with costs.
Land law – proof of title and burden of proof; village land allocation – validity of village authority allocations; evidentiary weight of registration documents (certificate, minutes, receipts); ex-parte proceedings – Order VIII Rule 14(2) Civil Procedure Code; delay/afterthought in challenging long-standing occupation.
 4 December 2025
Hendry Raymond Mathew vs Zawadi Chatanda (Land Appeal No. 17478 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7537 (4 December 2025)
Ward-tribunal failed-mediation certificate valid; DLHT ruling quashed and matter remitted, protecting right to legal representation.
Land disputes — mandatory ward-tribunal mediation — certificate of failed mediation suffices — statutory meaning of "attempt" to mediate — right to legal representation (Article 13(6)(a)) — distinction between striking out and dismissal — remittal to District Land and Housing Tribunal.
 4 December 2025
Jumbe s/o Mohamed and Another vs Republic ((DC) Criminal Appeal No. 20907 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7507 (4 December 2025)
Conviction for armed robbery quashed due to ownership doubts and improperly admitted documentary evidence.
Criminal law — armed robbery — identification and proof of stolen property; admissibility of documentary exhibits (sale agreement, registration card); ownership conflict and reasonable doubt; conviction quashed.
 4 December 2025
Kalitasi Gerald Mendera vs Manase Noel Namenza (PC Matrimonial Appeal No. 00000696 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7512 (4 December 2025)
Second appeal dismissed for raising fresh factual issues; first appellate ex‑parte decision quashed and decree set aside.
Family law — Matrimonial property division; second appeal — fresh factual grounds not permissible; ex‑parte appellate decision set aside; quashing of appellate decree; child maintenance and costs issues.
 4 December 2025
Masanja s/o Jitungulu Shija vs Republic ((DC) Criminal Appeal No. 18991 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7508 (4 December 2025)
Procedural unfairness (improperly procured interpreter and amended charge) led to quashing of conviction and no retrial.
Wildlife offences – procedural fairness – amendment/substitution of charge – use of interpreter procured by prosecution v. court – improper procedure vitiating trial – weak prosecution evidence – quashing proceedings; no retrial ordered.
 4 December 2025
Maua s/o Mussa Kinyunyu vs Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 15194 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7542 (4 December 2025)
Conviction unsafe where prosecution fails to prove victim's age and date of offence beyond reasonable doubt.
Criminal law – Proof beyond reasonable doubt – Necessity to prove essential particulars (victim's age where material; specific date/time of offence) – Failure to prove age or date renders conviction unsafe.
 4 December 2025
Michael Maduhu Jicha vs Republic (Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 000010650 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7613 (4 December 2025)
Vague claim of delayed legal aid and failure to account for days of delay do not justify extension of time to appeal.
Criminal procedure — extension of time to appeal — good cause — duty to account for each day of delay — vague claim of lack of legal aid insufficient — prisoner status not automatically good cause.
 4 December 2025
Mohamed Hussein Mputa vs Fatuma Mohamed (Misc. Land Application No.23735 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7579 (4 December 2025)
Applicant failed to show good cause for a 13-year delay; alleged illegality was not apparent on the record.
Limitation of actions – extension of time s.14 Law of Limitation Act – good cause requires accounting for each day of delay – illness must be specifically pleaded and evidenced – illegality as ground for extension must be apparent on the face of the record – res judicata allegation as decisional error not amounting to apparent illegality.
 4 December 2025
Mustafa Maulid Mrisho vs Mwenjuma Kilo Lusewa (Land Appeal No. 32138 of 2024) [2025] TZHC 7548 (4 December 2025)
Non-joinder of a necessary vendor-party rendered proceedings incompetent despite compliance with s.13(4) mediation requirement.
Land Disputes Courts Act s.13(4) – Ward Tribunal mediation – failed mediation certificate – letters evidencing inactivity; Necessary party and non-joinder – vendor’s interest – incompetence and remittal to Ward Tribunal.
 4 December 2025
Peter Machira vs Emmanuel Mawuti Somba and Another (Land Revision No. 000016216 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7614 (4 December 2025)
An executing tribunal cannot add new orders beyond the decree; the applicant’s revision to quash such orders succeeds.
Land law – Execution of decree – Executing court must implement decree as it stands; cannot grant new reliefs – Revisionary jurisdiction of High Court under LDCA – Deviation from decree causes miscarriage of justice.
 4 December 2025
Saidi Kitenya vs Salvatory Chobaliko (Land Appeal No. 18910 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7496 (4 December 2025)
Failure to join the vendor in a land suit nullifies the tribunal’s decision; fresh suit required with vendor impleaded.
Land law – Non-joinder of necessary parties – Vendor as indispensable party in disputes with conflicting sale agreements – Failure to join vendor vitiates proceedings and renders judgment a nullity; counter-claim required for declaration of defendant’s ownership.
 4 December 2025
Said s/o Nassoro alias Lusalago vs Republic ((DC) Criminal Appeal No. 22287 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7509 (4 December 2025)
Conviction quashed where victim's age was insufficiently proved and preliminary hearing procedures were not followed.
Criminal procedure — Preliminary hearing — requirement to read over and explain facts to unrepresented accused; Proof of age in statutory rape — sources and sufficiency; Effect of a silent preliminary hearing record — admissions worthless; Unsafe conviction — quashed.
 4 December 2025
Sheku Kadama Kiyabo vs Shija Mayunga (Land Appeal No. 17869 of 2025) [2025] TZHC 7510 (4 December 2025)
Non-joinder of the purchaser in a land dispute is fatal; ward mediation irregularity alone is not necessarily dispositive.
Land law – mandatory ward mediation – admissibility of evidence in mediation – ‘finding’ by a Ward Tribunal – non-joinder of purchaser as necessary party – quashing and remitting for joinder and rehearing.
 4 December 2025