High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
53 judgments

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53 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 1987
Insufficient proof of malice aforethought; accused convicted of manslaughter, not murder, and sentenced to five years.
* Criminal law - murder v. manslaughter – requirement of malice aforethought; proof of intent to kill. * Evidential assessment – conflicting assessor views and circumstantial evidence (pursuit, scene of stabbing). * Defence of accidental killing/self-defence – where death occurs in a mutual fight, accidental killing may negate malice aforethought. * Sentence – consideration of custody already served.
16 December 1987
Single credible eye‑witness testimony supported conviction for intentional murder; accused sentenced to death.
Criminal law – Murder – Identification and single eye‑witness evidence – Reliability and sufficiency for conviction; Defence of accident rejected; Mental capacity (sound mind) confirmed.
16 December 1987
Reliable visual identification upheld despite grudges; appeals against robbery convictions dismissed.
* Evidence — Visual/identification evidence — Reliability and sufficiency to support conviction; factors: lighting, prior acquaintance, prompt identification, detailed description. * Criminal law — Robbery with violence — proof beyond reasonable doubt. * Evidence — Effect of prior grudges or bad relations on credibility of identification.
12 December 1987
Appellate court affirmed assault convictions and 18‑month sentences where prosecution witnesses were credible and defence evidence unreliable.
Criminal law – Assault causing actual bodily harm – Credibility of prosecution and defence witnesses; corroboration by independent eyewitnesses; motive (prior conviction) as supporting inference of participation; appellate review of factual findings and sentence.
12 December 1987
November 1987
27 November 1987
27 November 1987
Appeal against conviction for misappropriating entrusted funds dismissed for failure to account and implausible defence.
* Criminal law – Entrustment of money to purchase goods – Failure to account for or return entrusted funds – evidence and credibility of witnesses – conviction upheld. * Defence of partial performance and offer of goods – lack of corroboration and failure to account for balance undermines defence.
21 November 1987
16 November 1987
Eyewitness and medical evidence upheld convictions for assault and malicious damage; appeal dismissed.
Criminal law – assault causing bodily harm – identification evidence and PF3 corroboration; malicious damage to property – eyewitness proof of vehicle damage; absence of vehicle inspection report not fatal to prosecution; appeal dismissed.
10 November 1987
October 1987
Adverse possession and inheritance, supported by continuous possession, establish customary land ownership; appeal dismissed.
Customary land law – methods of acquisition (clearing virgin forest; allocation by authority; sale; gift) – adverse possession – requirement of twelve years’ continuous and uninterrupted possession – appellate review where trial court mis-evaluates evidence.
28 October 1987
Torch-assisted visual identification was reliable; failure to give alibi notice and strong ID evidence led to dismissal of the appeal.
Criminal law – robbery with violence – visual identification at night – admissibility and reliability of identification evidence – alibi notice (section 194) – failure to comply permits disregard of alibi – appeal dismissed.
27 October 1987
Identification by familiar witnesses, supported by circumstantial evidence, upheld conviction and sentence; appeal dismissed.
* Criminal law – Identification evidence – Reliability of ID where complainants were acquainted with accused, some illumination, clothing matched and items produced in court. * Criminal law – Circumstantial evidence – Absence/disappearance of accused as corroborative of identification. * Criminal procedure – Appeal – When an alibi and denial do not render conviction unsafe.
21 October 1987
21 October 1987
Whether identification at night with poor lighting rendered the conviction unsafe.
* Criminal law – Identification evidence – visual identification at night – adequacy of lighting and risk of mistaken identity – conviction unsafe if identification unreliable.
20 October 1987
Conviction for robbery with violence quashed where theft unproven and identity of assailants was unsafe.
Criminal law – robbery with violence – failure to prove theft element – doubtful identification – unsafe voice and torch-based identification at night – doubts resolved in favour of accused.
16 October 1987
Appellate court restores Primary Court ruling: son lacked authority to pledge mother’s inherited land; respondent liable.
Land law – pledge of land – inheritance by widow – son’s authority to pledge property not his – evidence of respondent’s admission of payment – failure to call material witness – appellate court restores Primary Court decision.
16 October 1987
Review application dismissed as incompetent after decree execution and notice of appeal were already in place.
* Civil Procedure – Review under Part VIII Section 78(a) – review not competent where appeal has been preferred. * Civil Procedure – Inherent powers Section 95 – court will not grant relief rendered moot by execution. * Execution – satisfaction of decree prior to review application may render review overtaken by events. * Grounds for review – alleged advocate negligence does not rescue an otherwise incompetent or moot application.
14 October 1987
7 October 1987
Appeal allowed: conviction quashed due to witness contradictions and improper use of accused’s police statement.
Criminal law – theft by servant – sufficiency of evidence and standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt; contradictions in witness statements; inadmissible use of accused’s police statement as proof of ownership; appellate intervention where prosecution declines to support conviction.
1 October 1987
September 1987
Appeal dismissed: convictions for burglary and theft upheld based on reliable identification and recovery of stolen property.
* Criminal law – Burglary and theft – Identification evidence – Witnesses who knew accused; mistaken identity not a real possibility. * Criminal law – Stolen property – Identification by distinctive mark and prompt disposal by accused supporting link to burglary. * Criminal law – Alibi – Prison records disproving alibi. * Sentencing – Minimum statutory sentence upheld; concurrent sentences.
9 September 1987
August 1987
Insufficient corroboration and missing exhibits meant extra-judicial statements could not sustain murder convictions; all accused acquitted.
* Criminal law – murder – requirement that prosecution prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt; benefit of doubt and acquittal where evidence inconclusive. * Evidence – extra-judicial statements recorded before Justices of the Peace – admissibility, voluntariness, and need for independent corroboration where they implicate co-accused. * Evidence – loss or premature disposal of exhibits and death of a material witness undermining corroboration of prosecution case. * Procedure – assessment of torture/threat allegations against police and contemporaneous recording by magistrates.
20 August 1987
July 1987
Identification evidence supported the theft conviction, but absence of proof of night‑time breaking defeated the burglary charge.
* Criminal law – Burglary (s.294(1)) – requirement of night‑time breaking – absence of proof defeats burglary conviction. * Criminal law – Identification and recovery of stolen property – pre‑search description and matching items can support theft conviction. * Evidence – credibility of complainant’s description and consistency with recovered items can justify conviction for stealing.
30 July 1987
Whether identification by prior acquaintance, voice and moonlight provided a safe basis for convicting the appellant of robbery with violence.
Criminal law — Robbery with violence — Identification evidence — Recognition by prior acquaintance, identification by voice and by moonlight — Effect of poor lighting and close quarters — Corroboration by recovery of weapon and circumstances of offender's absence from duty.
28 July 1987
Vacant possession granted where landlord legitimately needs premises for dispensary; ambiguous conditional wording in decree expunged.
Landlord and tenant — vacant possession — reasonable notice to quit — landlord’s need to use premises for own business (dispensary/pharmacy) — reasonableness of alternative accommodation — removal of conditional/dependent wording from decree.
27 July 1987
Whether conduct and acts of part performance created a binding dealership contract and justified specific performance.
Contract law – formation by conduct: firm offer by employer through confirmation and handing of standard form contract; acceptance by conduct and letter; part performance as basis for specific performance. Equitable remedies – specific performance ordered where damages inadequate and substantial part performance proved.
25 July 1987
Documentary irregularities defeated the appellant’s title; respondent may redeem the land by paying redemption money; appeal dismissed.
Land law – title by purchase – reliability of documentary evidence – erasures and substitutions may render a sale document inadmissible; possession and improvements may attract redemption compensation; redemption/right to re-acquire upheld where purchaser’s title unproven.
21 July 1987
Appeal against robbery conviction dismissed; identification upheld, alibi rejected, compensation reduced to Shs.600/=
* Criminal law – robbery with violence – identification evidence – immediate identification under electric lighting and prompt reporting – reliability of visual ID. * Criminal law – alibi – insufficiency to raise reasonable doubt. * Compensation – variation of quantum where trial court mis-assessed amount stolen. * Appeal – conviction and sentence affirmed save for reduction of compensation.
10 July 1987
A trespasser may not claim compensation or adverse possession where the owner protested and prosecuted; boundary mistakes rejected.
Land law – trespass – removal of survey beacons – deliberate removal defeats mistaken boundary defence; adverse possession/long possession – owner’s protests and criminal prosecutions defeat claim of acquiescence; unexhausted improvements – trespasser who persists after protest not entitled to compensation; appellate review – trial court's finding of title and nominal damages upheld.
10 July 1987
Convictions for trespass/malicious damage quashed where ownership of land was disputed and civil action is the proper remedy.
Criminal law – Trespass and malicious damage – Ownership dispute — Where ownership of land is contested, criminal proceedings for trespass are inappropriate; civil action is the proper remedy — Convictions and compensation orders quashed.
10 July 1987
June 1987
Conviction quashed where evidence materially varied from charge particulars and the prosecution failed to prove the alleged theft.
Criminal law – Theft by public servant – Variance between particulars of charge and evidence – Prosecution bound by particulars absent amendment – Conviction unsafe where evidence does not prove charged particulars – Separate counts required where distinct allegations arise from inspection report.
29 June 1987
Conviction for forcible detainer quashed where title was disputed and defendant asserted a colour of right; matter for civil suit.
Criminal law – forcible detainer (s.86) – must prove possession without colour of right, likelihood of breach of the peace, and possession against person entitled to possession; contested title and asserted colour of right render matter civil, not criminal; conviction unsupported by evidence quashed.
29 June 1987
Whether the applicant could be appointed administrator and the effect of an alleged Primary Court‑witnessed will on respondents’ occupation of estate property.
Succession and estates – appointment of administrator – validity and evidential weight of an alleged written will witnessed in Primary Court – jurisdiction of Primary and District Courts to make possession and compensation orders affecting estate property.
18 June 1987
10 June 1987
May 1987
Appellate court allowed appeal and set aside revisional order where revisional court misdirected itself on sufficiency of theft evidence.
Criminal law – appeal from revisional order – revisional court substituting its view for trial court’s findings – sufficiency of evidence to prove theft beyond reasonable doubt – acquittal restored where defence explanation and owner’s testimony exonerate accused.
28 May 1987
25 May 1987
Accused’s voluntary admissions and post-mortem corroboration sufficed to convict him of murder despite no direct eyewitness testimony.
* Criminal law – Murder – Reliance on extra-judicial and cautioned statements as primary evidence in absence of direct eyewitnesses – voluntariness and admissibility. * Evidence – Post-mortem report corroborating cause of death from cut/penetrating wounds. * Evidence – Omission to call an arresting non-eyewitness is not necessarily fatal to the prosecution. * Motive – Cattle rustling as explanatory circumstance supporting inference of joint intent.
13 May 1987
Conviction for theft by servant quashed where evidence showed another employee also had access and opportunity to cause the shortage.
* Criminal law – theft by servant – burden of proof – necessity to prove accused was sole person in charge of goods and exclusive opportunity to commit theft. * Evidence – stocktaking and accounting discrepancies – identification of person responsible; conflicts in handover evidence undermine prosecution case. * Sentencing/compensation – award must correspond to proven/pleaded particulars; compensation order inappropriate if conviction unsafe.
9 May 1987
6 May 1987
A landlord must prove availability of reasonably equivalent alternative accommodation under section 19 before obtaining vacant possession.
* Rent Restriction Act s.19(1)(ii) – landlord seeking vacant possession must prove both personal need and availability of reasonably equivalent alternative accommodation; trial findings on tenancy status must be supported by evidence.
5 May 1987
Appeal allowed: occupier was a gratuitous occupant, not a tenant; purchaser entitled to vacant possession with costs.
Property — vacant possession — purchaser seeking possession after purchase — occupier’s status (tenant vs gratuitous occupant) — Rent Restriction Act: requirements for vacant possession and role of alternative accommodation.
5 May 1987
April 1987
Circumstantial evidence established culpable killing but not malice aforethought, convicting the accused of manslaughter and sentencing seven years.
Criminal law – Circumstantial evidence – Inculpatory facts must be inconsistent with innocence; distinguishing murder (malice aforethought) from manslaughter; concealment of death and failure to report as indicia of guilt.
30 April 1987
28 April 1987
15 April 1987
A short, inadequate notice and eviction without court order amounted to trespass; damages awarded instead of reinstatement.
* Rent law – termination of tenancy – validity of letters from third parties as surrender of tenancy; * Tenancy – monthly tenancy requires a month's notice expiring with a month; * Rent Restriction Act s.19 – requirement for lawful eviction and court order; * Trespass – illegal eviction without court order; * Acceptance of rent – may not revoke notice where conduct shows landlord not serious; * Remedy – damages preferred to reinstatement where reinstatement would disturb innocent third parties.
14 April 1987
Whether fatal injuries inflicted by the accused amounted to murder or manslaughter given lack of proven intent to kill.
Criminal law — Homicide: distinction between murder and manslaughter; proof of intent (malice aforethought) versus evidence of causing fatal injuries; role of medical evidence and witness credibility in determining culpability.
10 April 1987
March 1987
25 March 1987
25 March 1987
Breaking out of a primary court lock‑up is not an offence under s.296(2); escape from lawful custody conviction upheld.
Criminal law – Construction of s.296 Penal Code – ‘Breaking out of a building’ does not extend to primary court lock‑ups; Charge under s.296(2) bad where detention was in a lock‑up. Criminal law – Escaping from lawful custody (s.116) – lawful arrest and detention established; conviction upheld.
23 March 1987
February 1987
Appeal dismissed: conviction for knowingly giving false information to police under s122(b) upheld, sentence affirmed.
* Criminal law – Offence of giving false information to a public officer (s122(b) Penal Code) – Elements: false statement, knowledge of falsity, and intention to induce police action. * Evidence – Credibility and sufficiency – Implausible explanations and absence of corroboration justify conviction for knowingly giving false information. * Appeal – Conviction and sentence upheld where prosecution proves deliberate falsehood beyond reasonable doubt.
27 February 1987
Appellate court allowed DPP appeal, found eyewitness identification credible, set aside acquittal and convicted respondents.
Criminal law – Identification evidence – reliability of eyewitness identification; failure to hold identification parade; admissibility and sufficiency of exhibits; effect of complainants' illiteracy on credibility; appellate interference with trial acquittal.
27 February 1987