High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
245 judgments

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245 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2019
Leave to appeal granted where proposed grounds show reasonable prospects and disturbing features needing Court of Appeal guidance.
* Appellate procedure – Leave to appeal under s.5(1)(c) Appellate Jurisdiction Act – test: reasonable prospects of success or disturbing features requiring Court of Appeal guidance. * Civil procedure – award of interest – whether appellate court may grant interest not raised in memorandum of appeal and without hearing. * Contract law – interpretation and effect of loan agreement clause on borrower’s duty to notify lender of events affecting repayment (e.g., theft).
31 December 2019
Appeal dismissed: child witness competency and medical evidence sufficed; DNA unnecessary, relatives’ testimony acceptable.
Criminal law – Child witness competency – voire dire doctrine replaced by competency inquiry; PF3 admissibility – DNA not always necessary; relatives as witnesses – credibility test; accused’s right to be addressed on case to answer; conviction for unnatural offence upheld.
31 December 2019
Respondent’s possession of allegedly forged documents required a trial, not a no-case-to-answer acquittal.
Criminal law – Forgery and uttering false document – Prima facie case – Possession of allegedly forged public documents as basis to call accused to open defence – Role of documentary discrepancies and witness evidence – Absence of handwriting expert not necessarily fatal.
31 December 2019
A temporary injunction requires a pending suit and compliance with statutory pre-suit notices; application dismissed.
* Civil Procedure – Temporary injunction – Requirement of a pending main suit before granting interlocutory injunction – Order XXXVII, Rules 1 & 2 CPC. * Government Proceedings – Pre-suit notice – 90-day notice to Attorney General under section 6(2) Government Proceedings Act. * Local Government – Pre-suit notice – 30-day notice to Municipal Council under section 190(1) Local Government (District Authorities) Act. * Competence – Chamber summons for injunction where statutory notices and pending suit absent – application incompetent.
31 December 2019
Delay awaiting court‑supplied certified copies constituted sufficient cause for an extension to seek leave to appeal.
* Civil procedure – Extension of time – Application under s.11(1) Appellate Jurisdiction Act – applicant must show sufficient cause. * Extension criteria – Lyamuya guidelines: account for delay; not inordinate; diligence; point of law/illegality. * Delay caused by awaiting court‑supplied certified copies of proceedings, ruling and drawn order can constitute sufficient cause. * Alleged illegality in the impugned decision is not ordinarily determined at the extension stage.
31 December 2019
Appellate court quashed rape conviction due to circumstantial gaps and reasonable doubt despite competent child identification.
* Criminal law – Rape – Evidence of a child witness – Voir dire and competence under section 127(2) Evidence Act. * Criminal law – Circumstantial evidence – requirement for corroboration and temporal clarity. * Medical evidence – presence/absence of sperm/discharge and its probative value. * Burden of proof – prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt; gaps create reasonable doubt.
31 December 2019
Desire or ability to engage counsel does not justify transferring a Primary Court matrimonial proceeding.
* Civil procedure – Transfer of proceedings under Magistrates' Courts Act s47 – wish to engage counsel or financial ability is not good/ sufficient cause to transfer. * Jurisdiction – Law of Marriage Act s76 and Civil Procedure Code s13 – matters must be instituted in the lowest competent court. * Transfer is for preventing miscarriage of justice, not for accommodating a party's desire for legal representation.
31 December 2019
Appellant acquitted where cautioned statement expunged and lone nighttime visual identification found unreliable.
* Criminal law – Arson: sufficiency of identification and admissibility of confession. * Evidence – Cautioned statement: inadvisable for arresting/investigating officer to record confession; such statements may be expunged. * Evidence – Visual identification at night: witness must give detailed aids to identification (source of light, proximity, duration, description). * Standard of proof – prosecution must exclude reasonable doubt; where confession is expunged and ID unreliable, conviction cannot stand.
31 December 2019
Applicant’s medical treatment constituted sufficient cause; court granted extension to file appeal under s.14(1) Law of Limitation Act.
Extension of time – s.14(1) Law of Limitation Act – application may be made before or after prescribed period; Lyamuya criteria apply; Law of Marriage Act silent on extensions – general limitation law governs; ill-health/medical treatment can constitute sufficient cause for delay.
31 December 2019
Applicant's review dismissed where alleged board resolution in WSD was unpleaded, unmarked and unauthenticated.
* Civil procedure — Review under section 78(1) and Order XLII — apparent error on face of record. * Company/representation — requirement of board resolution or authority for a company to sue or counterclaim. * Pleadings — necessity to plead and properly mark annexures; authentication of documentary exhibits. * Review standard — court will not revisit findings where documents are unpleaded, unmarked or unauthenticated.
31 December 2019
Applicant granted 30-day extension to file appeal after diligent attempts to obtain judgment copies caused the delay.
* Civil procedure — Extension of time to appeal — Application under s.14(1) Law of Limitation Act and Order XXI r.24(1) CPC — Requirement of sufficient cause and exercise of judicial discretion (Mumello v Bank of Tanzania). * Delay caused by inability to obtain judgment/records — diligence in following up as sufficient cause. * Omnibus applications — court may ignore unrelated relief (stay of execution) and decide only on extension. * Costs to abide the outcome of the intended appeal.
31 December 2019
Bank breached lease by retaining insured vehicle and failed to prove precise outstanding debt; counterclaim unproven.
• Contract/Lease – breach by lender for retention/failure to restore insured vehicle; effect on lessee's performance. • Repossession – wrongful taking during subsisting lease where lender defaulted in obligations. • Evidence – requirement to specifically prove special damages and to quantify outstanding debt. • Counterclaim – refund claims must be specifically proved; absence of particulars defeats relief.
31 December 2019
Alibi notice must precede prosecution; reliable daytime visual identification can sustain conviction for defilement of an imbecile.
Criminal law – Defilement of an imbecile – Visual identification evidence – Standards for reliance on eyewitness identification; Criminal Procedure Act s.194(4)–(6) – Requirement to give notice of alibi before prosecution case; Role of medical evidence in proving penetration and victim's mental incapacity.
31 December 2019
An extension to file a certificate of points of law requires the applicant to specify the points; failure to do so warrants dismissal.
* Appellate procedure – extension of time – application under s.11(1) Appellate Jurisdiction Act – requirement to state points of law for certification; * Procedure – extension and certification to be argued together; * Legal representation – advocate’s error does not cure applicant’s duty to specify points of law.
31 December 2019
Applicant failed to prove procedural irregularity; ex-parte ruling not set aside, application dismissed with costs.
Procedure — Setting aside ex-parte ruling — Order IX r.13 CPC; Evidence — burden on party alleging procedural irregularity; Need for affidavit or corroborating evidence (e.g., court clerk); Failure to appear/advocate negligence not automatically sufficient to set aside ex-parte order.
30 December 2019
High Court dismissed an incompetent revision filed instead of an appeal, noting revisional jurisdiction is limited and legal aid exists.
Civil procedure — Revisional jurisdiction — Competence of revision where right of appeal exists — Locus standi of non‑party — Financial inability and legal aid (Legal Aid Act s.21(1)) — Alleged attachment of matrimonial/residential property not adjudicated due to procedural incompetence.
27 December 2019
Court revoked administrator’s grant where a later petition was filed while an earlier petition was pending and documents were fraudulent.
* Probate law – Letters of administration – Revocation where a later petition is filed while an earlier probate proceeding is pending (res sub judice). * Validity of supporting documents – Allegations of fraud/fabrication in meeting minutes as ground to vitiate a grant. * Caveat and priority of petitions – earlier petition has priority over subsequent filings.
27 December 2019
District Court had jurisdiction over a lease-investment dispute; general damages reduced from Tshs 80M to Tshs 50M.
* Civil procedure – jurisdiction – commercial dispute arising from lease – District Court’s jurisdiction under Magistrates’ Courts Act s.40(3). * Civil procedure – pecuniary jurisdiction – commercial vs land jurisdictional limits. * Evidence – documentary exhibits – procedural endorsement not fatal where authenticity undisputed. * Damages – general damages must be fair, not punitive or for enrichment; appellate reduction of excessive awards. * Interest – court’s discretion to award post-judgment interest (12% upheld).
27 December 2019
High Court jurisdiction upheld for print-media defamation; plaint discloses cause of action and objections overruled.
* Media Services Act – interpretation of 'may' and special forum – whether statutory scheme ousts ordinary court jurisdiction in defamation claims. * Civil procedure – cause of action – sufficiency of plaint and annexures in defamation pleadings. * Pleadings – Order VI Rule 3 – when alleged lack of conciseness renders a plaint fatally defective. * Preliminary objections – test for overruling and proceeding to substantive hearing.
24 December 2019
Applicants charged with economic offences granted bail subject to EOCCA s36 security and statutory conditions.
* Criminal procedure – Bail – Economic offences – Bail is a constitutional right; court may grant bail for bailable economic offences. * Economic and Organized Crime Control Act s36(5) – security equal to half the value of money/property involved where offences involve actual money or property. * Apportionment – where multiple accused are involved the required security may be shared among them (Court of Appeal sharing principle). * Bail conditions – surrender of passports, movement restrictions, deposit of cash or title deed, sureties, execution of bail bond, periodic reporting and court appearances.
24 December 2019
24 December 2019
Charge was proper; failure to voir dire a child witness was error but conviction upheld due to victim’s affirmed and medical evidence.
Criminal law – Rape of a girl under 18 – Charge validity; Evidence – tender‑aged witness and requirement of voir dire; Victim’s affirmed testimony and medical evidence as sufficient corroboration (s.127(6) Evidence Act).
23 December 2019
Court struck out suit for defective pleadings, failure to join necessary parties and expired speed-track, though not barred by res judicata.
* Civil procedure — striking out — defective pleadings and late supplementation of documents; expiration of court-imposed speed-track timetable without extension. * Res judicata — earlier judgment concerning debt recovery and sale of mortgaged property did not bar a separate claim for restoration of title. * Joinder — necessity to join creditor/purchaser and Ministry officials where title deed possession is contested. * Remedies — potential impossibility of specific performance where documentary possession is uncertain.
23 December 2019
A court must consider good cause before striking out a late written statement of defence; extension discretion exists within 21 days.
* Civil procedure – Order VIII Rules 1 & 2 – time for filing Written Statement of Defence – court's discretion to extend time within 21 days after expiry; application must show good cause. * Civil procedure – striking out documents filed out of time – court must consider reasons for delay before striking out. * Procedural rules as handmaids of justice – exercise of discretion to promote substantive justice. * Appealability – order denying filing of a defence is appealable as it deprives party of right to be heard.
23 December 2019
Appeal allowed: unsafe visual identification and failure to comply with mandatory seizure procedures rendered convictions unsafe.
* Criminal law – Visual identification – identification evidence held unreliable where witnesses gave no description and contradicted each other on lighting; Waziri Amani standard applied. * Evidence – Exhibits and seizure – mandatory compliance with section 38(3) Criminal Procedure Act; absence of seizure receipt undermines admissibility/authenticity. * Procedure – Tendering exhibits – improper tendering by complainant of items allegedly in police custody vitiates prosecution case.
20 December 2019
Attachment-before-judgment application struck out for failing to specify property and provide estimated value as required.
Attachment before judgment; Order XXXVI Rule 6(2) Civil Procedure Code — mandatory specification and estimated value of property; ex parte application; failure to specify/estimate justifies striking out to prevent wrongful or vague attachments.
20 December 2019
Court struck out bail application because money laundering is a non-bailable offence and charge defects must be tried.
Bail – money laundering – non-bailable offence under section 148(5)(a)(v) CPA; Jurisdiction – High Court cannot determine charge defectiveness during bail application; Section 29(4)(d) EOCCA does not empower determination of charge competence in bail proceedings; Challenges to charges to be addressed at trial.
20 December 2019
Conviction quashed where night-time identification, unread cautioned statement and broken chain of custody undermined prosecution case.
Criminal law - visual identification at night; identification parade required where witnesses are strangers; cautioned statements must be read over to accused after admission; exhibits require proved chain of custody; forensic/telecom evidence needed to substantiate mobile-money transfers; conviction unsafe where prosecution fails to prove case beyond reasonable doubt.
20 December 2019
Application for leave to appeal struck out for citing a non-enabling provision; matter found incompetent.
* Criminal procedure – leave to appeal – competence of application – requirement to cite correct enabling provision (Court of Appeal Rules). * Court of Appeal Rules, r.44(1)(a) – misapplication/incorrect citation – renders application incompetent. * Applications improperly moved – procedural non-compliance – struck out. * Costs – not awarded in criminal matter.
20 December 2019
Applicant entitled to bail because the law in force at the time made the offence bailable (value below threshold).
Bail — applicability of law in force at time of offence; Drugs Act s.27(1)(b) — value-based threshold for non-bailability; Later Drugs Act amendments — weight-based thresholds not applied retrospectively; Constitutional protection — Article 13(6)(c) prohibits heavier penalties or restrictive measures after commission of offence; CPA s.148(5)(a)(ii) not applicable to deny bail in these circumstances.
20 December 2019
Court granted temporary injunction preventing sale of perishable maize consignment pending trial, finding irreparable loss.
* Civil procedure – interim injunction – Atilio v Mbowe test: prima facie case, irreparable injury, balance of convenience. * Mortgage law – scope of mortgagee’s power of sale vis-à-vis assets not shown as collateral. * Perishable goods – risk of irreparable loss and need for release to mitigate damage. * Temporary relief – limited injunction pending determination of main suit.
20 December 2019
Extension under s.361(2) granted where court‑supplied defective notice and good‑faith delay made filing late but excusable.
Criminal procedure – extension of time to file notice of appeal under s.361(2) CPA – good cause – factors to consider (length of delay, reasons, prejudice, diligence) – defective notice titled to wrong court – reliance on court/prison‑supplied form by incarcerated appellant – ignorance of law inapplicable – time spent pursuing appeal in good faith excusable delay.
20 December 2019
Bail cannot be granted where statutory provision bars bail for trafficking heroin weighing 20g or more; application struck out.
Drugs – Bail – Trafficking in heroin weighing 20g or more is statutorily non-bailable (Drugs Control and Enforcement Act s.29(1)(a)); Criminal Procedure Act s.148(5)(a)(ii) – bail governed by statute; application struck out as incompetent.
20 December 2019
Affidavits lacking proper jurat (place/date/attestor’s details) are incurably defective and render the application incompetent.
* Criminal procedure – Extension of time – Application by Chamber Summons must be supported by valid affidavits; jurat must state attestor’s name, place and date as required by s.8 Notary Public and Commissioner for Oaths Act – absence of place/date renders affidavit incurably defective.
20 December 2019
Applicants granted extension to file appeal after demonstrating diligence and good cause under s.361(2) CPA.
Criminal procedure — Extension of time under s.361(2) CPA — "Good cause" requires promptness and diligence — Prisoner-applicant delays — Prospects of success not considered at extension stage — Discretionary grant of extension.
20 December 2019
Extension of time to appeal struck out for reliance on wrong statutory provision and an incurably defective affidavit.
* Criminal procedure – extension of time to appeal – Section 361(2) CPA – applicability limited to appeals to the High Court (from subordinate courts). * Procedure – wrong enabling provision – application incompetent if court not properly moved. * Evidence/affidavit – jurat must state place of swearing per s.8 Notary Public and Commissioner for Oaths Act – omission is incurable. * Overriding objective – cannot cure defects going to competency of the application.
20 December 2019
Applicant charged with economic forest offences granted bail with strict s.36 security and supervisory conditions.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – Presumption of innocence – Burden to prove risk of non-appearance – Economic offences – s.36 Economic and Organized Crime Control Act: security equal to at least half value of property/money involved – Conditions of bail for protection of public interest in natural resources.
20 December 2019
Bail application dismissed as res judicata and court functus officio due to prior DPP‑backed dismissal.
* Criminal procedure – bail – Effect of DPP’s certificate objecting to bail – certificate remains effective until proceedings conclude or withdrawn. * Res judicata and functus officio – a court will not re‑entertain a bail application already finally determined by another court of concurrent jurisdiction. * Remedy to challenge prior decision is appeal, not refiling identical application in another court.
19 December 2019
Applicant charged with unlawful possession of government trophies granted bail subject to EOCCA section 36 conditions.
* Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – EOCCA ss.29(4), 36(1), (5) and (6) – bailable offence involving government trophies under Wildlife Conservation Act – security equal to half the value of subject matter – cash or title deed, two sureties, passport surrender and travel restrictions.
19 December 2019
Court partly allowed appeal, ordering 50/50 division of the home and 30% share for respondent in the family shop.
Family law – division of matrimonial property – assessment of contributions (money, property, work) – whether second spouse’s contribution must be considered – adjustment of shares where non-marital contributions established.
19 December 2019
Memorandum of Appeal struck out for argumentative grounds and fatal mis‑naming; mandatory procedural rules not curable by overriding objective.
Civil procedure – Preliminary objections – Order XXXIX Rule 1(2) CPC – Grounds of appeal must be concise and non‑argumentative; mis‑naming of parties in Memorandum of Appeal is a fatal defect; amendment must be sought before objection; overriding‑objective cannot cure mandatory procedural provisions.
19 December 2019
Applicant failed to prove good cause for a 12-year delay; extension of time to appeal was refused.
Criminal procedure – Extension of time under s.361(2) CPA – Requirement to show "good cause" – Adequacy of affidavit evidence of prior filing and steps taken – Excessive delay (12 years) disentitles applicant to extension.
19 December 2019
Delay in obtaining certified proceedings is good cause to extend time to file an appeal; appeal to be filed within 30 days.
Extension of time – whether delay in supply of certified copies of proceedings constitutes good cause; Magistrates' Courts Act s.25(1); Criminal Procedure Act s.361(1)(b) – exclusion of time used to obtain copies; costs not awarded where respondent did not cause delay.
19 December 2019
Applicants charged under EOCCA entitled to bail; court imposed cash/title security, sureties, surrender of travel documents, and verification.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial under EOCCA s29(4) and s36; presumption of innocence; test for bail is probability of appearance; security calculation where subject matter has monetary value; surrender of travel documents and sureties; verification by trial magistrate.
19 December 2019
The applicant cannot sue the respondent insurer directly; insurer’s liability arises after judgment against the insured.
Motor insurance – nature of contract (indemnity vs guarantee); third‑party claims against insurer; Motor Vehicle Insurance Act s.10(1) – insurer liability contingent on judgment against insured; procedural requirements to join insurer or obtain judgment first; third party’s lack of direct enforceable right absent statute or judgment.
19 December 2019
Whether disciplinary and appellate public service decisions were void for breach of natural justice, delay, or lack of jurisdiction.
* Judicial review – Certiorari – Review limited to illegality, excess of jurisdiction, denial of natural justice, unreasonableness. * Public service disciplinary proceedings – clarity of charge, right to be heard, statutory time limits. * Employment status – secondment versus transfer and disciplinary authority. * Procedural defects – absence of some records or unsigned minutes not necessarily fatal.
19 December 2019
Court struck out repeat application for extension of time to file notice of appeal as functus officio.
Criminal procedure – extension of time to file notice of appeal – repetition of earlier application – functus officio/absence of jurisdiction – administrative recourse to prison and trial court for records.
19 December 2019
Court granted six-month extension to file estate inventory/accounts pending related administration and transfer proceedings.
Probate — Extension of time to file inventory and accounts — Court’s discretion to extend time where related proceedings (appointment of administrators and transfer of decreed shares) affect estate administration — Six months' extension granted.
19 December 2019
Unproven e‑filing/network failure does not justify extension of time to file a rejoinder; appeal proceeds on existing record.
* Civil procedure – Extension of time – Application requires sufficient and credible reasons supported by evidence – Alleged e‑filing/network failure must be proven. * Procedural fairness – Rejoinder not indispensable – Absence of rejoinder does not automatically warrant dismissal of appeal. * Judicial discretion – Court may refuse extension where reasons are speculative or uncorroborated.
19 December 2019
A prisoner was granted extension to file appeal documents after showing delay caused by prison authorities.
* Criminal Procedure Act (s.361(2)) – extension of time to file Notice and Petition of Appeal – Court’s discretion where good cause is shown. * Criminal Procedure Act (s.363) – prisoner’s appeals to be presented through officer in charge – reliance on prison authorities may explain delay. * Procedural law – good cause for delay – unchallenged affidavit attributing delay to custodial procedures suffices to grant extension.
19 December 2019