High Court of Tanzania

This is the second level in the Judiciary justice delivery hierarchy. It has both appellate and original powers on civil and criminal matters. It also hears appeals from the Courts of Resident Magistrate, the District Courts, and the District Land and Housing Tribunals in exercise of their original, appellate and/or revisional jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into Zones and specialized Divisions. 

Physical address
24 Kivukoni Road, P O Box: S.L.P. 9004
82 judgments

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82 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
October 2021
A dispute between applicant and respondent over village-allocated land is void if the village council (true owner) isn't joined.
Land law – Village land allocations – Temporary allocations/receipts – No subsisting right of occupancy – Locus standi – Non-joinder of true owner (village council) – Nullity of proceedings.
29 October 2021
District Court had jurisdiction and conviction was upheld, but vague compensation order was set aside.
Criminal law – Criminal trespass (s.299(a) Penal Code) – jurisdiction of subordinate courts – proof of ownership by prior civil judgment and administrator appointment – alibi notice requirements (s.194 CPA) – compensation orders must be specific and executable.
29 October 2021
A maintenance order against the appellant as a non‑spouse was a nullity for lack of jurisdiction.
Child law — maintenance — scope of section 42(2) of the Law of the Child Act; Jurisdiction — requirement that juvenile matters be heard by designated Juvenile Courts (GN. No. 314 of 2016); Law of Marriage Act — inapplicability of ss.115 and 129 where no marriage exists; Procedural nullity — proceedings and orders void for want of jurisdiction; Revisionary powers — High Court quashes and sets aside lower courts' decisions.
29 October 2021
Bail pending appeal denied where medical evidence was deficient and no exceptional circumstances were shown.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending appeal – Not a right for a convicted person; must show exceptional circumstances, e.g., illness not treatable in custody – Medical evidence must be recent, identifiable and probative – Hardship to dependents alone insufficient.
29 October 2021
Court held properties registered in one spouse's name can be matrimonial if joint intention or spouse's contributions are proved.
Family law – matrimonial property – rebuttable presumption of ownership for property registered in one spouse's name (s.60 LMA) – contributions and common intention – improvements to pre-marital property – treatment of gifts received during extramarital relationship as matrimonial assets – responsibility for bank loans used for jointly relevant assets.
28 October 2021
Ex parte proof established defendants’ libelous publications; plaintiff awarded general, exemplary damages, injunction, interest and costs.
Defamation — libel through print and online media — publication, reference and damage — burden of proof in ex parte proceedings — failure to justify defamatory imputations — assessment of special versus general damages — injunction, exemplary damages and interest.
28 October 2021
Revocation claim failed because the applicant should have lodged a caveat or sued before or after the grant, not rely on section 49(1)(b).
* Probate law – Revocation of grant – Section 49(1)(b) PAEA – requirement to prove grant obtained by concealing something material. * Probate procedure – Caveat under section 58 and Rule 82 – necessity to object before grant. * Civil procedure – Lex specialis versus general powers (section 95 CPC) – specific probate rules prevail. * Remedies after grant – approach administrator for agreement or sue the administrator; revocation not appropriate to obtain inclusion as heir.
28 October 2021
Petition for letters of administration granted following registered settlement; DNA test and property allocation ordered.
* Probate administration – appointment of administrator on intestacy – petition converted to non‑contentious by registered settlement and withdrawal of caveat. * Caveat – withdrawal by agreement – court acceptance of recorded settlement terms. * Family paternity issue – DNA test ordered to determine heirship and possible recognition of child as heir. * Administration procedure – filing of inventory and subsequent hearing to monitor administration.
27 October 2021
Variance between charge and evidence (gang rape vs single accused) was curable and conviction upheld on credible victim testimony.
* Criminal law – Rape v. gang rape – variance between charge and evidence; curability under section 388 CPA and requirement of prejudice. * Evidence – Reliance on victim's testimony; section 127(6) Evidence Act allows conviction without corroboration if credible. * Procedure – Improperly admitted cautioned statement and PF3 expunged; non-calling of ancillary witness not fatal. * Criminal procedure – Accused's right to understand charge; prejudice test for defective charge.
27 October 2021
The appellant's appeal is dismissed; trial court's defamation finding and award for non‑economic harm upheld.
Defamation – proof of publication and injury to reputation; assessment of witness credibility and alibi; jurisdiction – primary courts and common law torts; damages for defamation compensating reputational and psychological harm without proof of economic loss.
27 October 2021
Applicants granted bail pending trial under the Economic Crimes Act subject to substantial bonds, sureties, travel restrictions and attendance conditions.
* Criminal procedure — Bail pending trial under Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act — eligibility and conditions. * Bail conditions — cash bond or certified immovable property, surrender of travel documents, sureties, regional travel restriction, attendance obligation. * Effect of respondent’s non‑objection on bail determination.
27 October 2021
Conviction quashed where prosecution failed to prove rape beyond reasonable doubt despite evidence suggesting penetration.
* Criminal law — Rape — Proof of penetration — victim’s non-graphic description may suffice under s.130(4)(a). * Evidence — Assessment of credibility — inconsistencies and unclarified scene may give rise to reasonable doubt. * Criminal procedure — Conviction unsafe where prosecution fails to establish essential elements beyond reasonable doubt.
27 October 2021
Failure to supply judgment in time is sufficient cause to grant extension of time to appeal when promptly acted upon.
* Civil procedure — Extension of time — Failure by court to supply judgment to a party — Non-supply of judgment constitutes sufficient cause for extension when applicant acts promptly. * Procedure — Unopposed applications — Lack of opposition and adequate explanation supports grant of relief. * Appeal — Accounting for each day of delay — Reasonable time after receipt of judgment.
27 October 2021
Conviction based on uncorroborated visual identification and failure to summon material witnesses was unsafe.
Criminal law – armed robbery (s.287A Penal Code) – visual identification evidence; caution in identification cases; burden of proof remains on prosecution; failure to call material corroborative witnesses weakens prosecution case; competency of relative witnesses.
27 October 2021
Where parties only cohabit, domestic contributions alone do not establish entitlement to share property registered in the respondent’s name.
* Family law – Cohabitation (concubinage) v valid marriage – effect on division of property acquired during cohabitation. * Matrimonial/property division – Requirement to prove actual (monetary) contribution where no valid marriage exists. * Evidence – Registered title and pre-cohabitation acquisition as a basis to resist claim to property.
26 October 2021
Applicant granted bail under EOCCA subject to a TSh 777,000,000 bond (or property), passport surrender, sureties and travel restrictions.
* Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial under the Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act – application granted under s.36(5)(a) – conditions include cash bond or certified immovable property, passport surrender, two sureties, travel restriction and attendance at trial.
26 October 2021
26 October 2021
Petitioner appointed administrator with will annexed after named executors renounced and no opposition following publication.
Probate and administration – letters of administration with the will annexed – renunciation by named executors – publication/notice and unopposed petition – appointment of administrator.
26 October 2021
A petitioner spouse was appointed administrator of an intestate estate after published notice and no caveat was filed.
* Probate and Administration – Grant of letters of administration – Deceased intestate – Petition by surviving spouse – Publication of petition and absence of caveat – Appointment of administrator; requirement to file inventory and attend further hearing.
25 October 2021
25 October 2021
Petitioner granted letters of administration after publication and absence of caveat; inventory and hearing ordered.
Probate – Letters of administration – Intestate estate – Publication of petition in Gazette and newspaper – Absence of caveat – Grant of administration – Filing of inventory and further hearing directions.
25 October 2021
An uncontested petition following intestacy granted; petitioner appointed administrator with inventory and return hearing deadlines.
* Probate and administration – intestacy – grant of letters of administration where petition duly cited and unopposed.* Probate procedure – citation by publication and absence of caveat as basis for uncontested grant.* Post-grant directions – requirement to file inventory and attend return hearing.
25 October 2021
The appellant's conviction was quashed because evidence indicated gang rape while the charge alleged single-person rape.
Criminal law – Charge sheet requirements (s.132 CPA) – Variance between charge and evidence – Gang rape (s.131A Penal Code) – Incurable defect; cannot be cured under s.388 CPA – Right to know charge and fair trial.
22 October 2021
22 October 2021
Court granted extension to file appeal due to applicant’s chemotherapy-related illness, finding the delay reasonable under Lyamuya.
Extension of time – Law of Limitation Act s14(1) – appeal filing period under Law of Marriage Act s80(2) – Lyamuya principles (accounting for delay, reasonableness, diligence) – medical incapacity (chemotherapy/hospital records) as sufficient cause – ex parte determination.
22 October 2021
Appellant proved performance and breach; special damages unproven but awarded Tshs.10,000,000 general damages.
* Contract law – breach for non‑payment – proof of performance by tender of contract and licences; failure to cross‑examine implies acceptance. * Civil procedure – parties bound by pleadings; unpleaded defences not entertained. * Evidence – burden and standard for special damages: must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved (s.110 Evidence Act). * Damages – special damages require strict proof; general damages discretionary where breach shown.
22 October 2021
Applicant’s injunction application struck out as res judicata to earlier dismissed applications.
Civil procedure – Res judicata – application of section 9 CPC to miscellaneous applications; same matter directly and substantially in issue; 'disposition' includes transfer; parties litigating under same title – addition of parties not fatal; preliminary objections preserved despite amendment.
22 October 2021
Will invalid for improper witnesses and unjustified disinheritance; estate intestate and eldest daughter appointed administrator.
Probate — validity of will — attestation requirements under GN No.436/1963 (third schedule); Disinheritance — insufficiency of education as cogent reason under items 30–31; Intestacy — appointment of administrator under section 33(1) and rules of distribution; Executor under invalid will disqualified from letters of administration.
21 October 2021
Will invalidated for defective witnessing and unjustified disinheritance; estate declared intestate and administrator appointed.
Probate and Administration — Validity of wills — Attestation requirements under GN No.436/1963 — One clan member and one outsider required for literate testator; Disinheritance — Testator cannot disinherit heirs without cogent reasons (items 30–31 of third schedule); Intestacy — Letters of administration granted to person entitled under rules of distribution; Administrator — preference to entitled adult child over non-entitled petitioner.
21 October 2021
Letters of administration granted after publication and no caveat; administrator ordered to file inventory and appear for hearing.
* Probate – Letters of administration – Deceased died intestate – Petition published and no caveat filed – Grant of letters and appointment of administrator; filing of inventory and fixation of review hearing.
21 October 2021
A divorce petition without the Marriage Conciliation Board’s certificate is incompetent and must be struck out; courts must follow statutory referral rules.
Law of Marriage Act s.101 – mandatory referral to Marriage Conciliation Board; Marriage Conciliation Board (Procedure) Rules – powers to summon/transfer; Civil Procedure Code Order XV r.1 – judgment on pleadings subject to statutory requirements; competence of divorce petition; what amounts to ‘extraordinary circumstances’ excusing referral; procedural irregularity—judgment without evidence.
21 October 2021
Letters of administration granted where deceased died intestate and no caveat was filed; petitioner appointed administrator.
* Probate and administration – intestacy – grant of letters of administration where deceased died intestate and no caveat filed; requirement for publication and filing of inventory; appointment of administrator.
20 October 2021
20 October 2021
Expert GC-MS analysis and credible eyewitness observation proved trafficking; a late alibi was rejected.
Narcotic drugs – proof by expert chemical analysis (GC-MS) – heroin hydrochloride; Evidence – eyewitness observation and signed observation form; Chain of custody – oral account and packaging corroboration sufficient where consistent; Criminal Procedure – alibi raised late under s.194 may be accorded no weight; Electronic itinerary and prior nolle prosequi not determinative.
20 October 2021
Heroin confirmed by GC-MS and eyewitness observations established trafficking despite gaps in documentary chain of custody.
* Criminal law – Narcotic drugs – Proof of identity of substance – admissibility and reliability of Government Chemist GC-MS analysis. * Criminal law – Trafficking – proof that accused carried/excreted pellets linking him to exportation. * Evidence – Chain of custody – oral testimony and observation forms may suffice where documentary trail is incomplete. * Evidence – Inconsistencies – minor discrepancies due to lapse of time not fatal to prosecution.
20 October 2021
Court granted letters of administration to the applicant after published petition received no objections.
* Probate and administration – Grant of letters of administration to spouse of intestate deceased – Petition cited by publication – No objections – Appointment of administrator and directions to file inventory and attend further hearing.
18 October 2021
High Court retains jurisdiction to hear employment-related tort claims despite specialised Labour Division and CMA jurisdiction.
Jurisdiction — High Court jurisdiction over employment-related tort claims; Labour Division and CMA competence; res judicata and scope of CMA decisions; civil claims under Worker's Compensation Act.
18 October 2021
Applicant granted letters of administration after intestacy; no caveat filed, inventory due and further hearing scheduled.
Probate and administration – Intestacy – Grant of letters of administration following publication of petition and absence of caveat – Requirement to file inventory and return for hearing.
18 October 2021
Court granted one-month travel leave to nurse sick father, relying on medical evidence and surety assurances.
Bail — leave to travel abroad — medical emergency — sufficiency of doctor’s report and family correspondence; sureties — personal attendance and explanation of obligations; court’s discretion to grant limited travel permission.
18 October 2021
Applicant granted bail pending trial under EOCCA subject to cash/property security, passport surrender, two sureties and travel restriction.
Bail — Economic and Organized Crime Control Act (EOCCA) — sections 29(4), 36(1), 36(5) & (6) — bail pending trial — conditions for bail — cash security or certified immovable property title deed — surrender of passport — sureties — travel restriction (Dar es Salaam Region).
18 October 2021
Applicants charged with trafficking khat valued below TSh10M granted bail due to statutory threshold and prolonged remand.
Criminal law – Bail – Trafficking of khat – Statutory value threshold (TSh 10,000,000) under Drugs Act – Pre-trial detention – Presumption of innocence and equality before the law – Interpretation of s.27(1)(b) – Bail conditions (cash/security, surrender of travel documents, sureties, travel restriction).
15 October 2021
Applicant charged with possession of high-value wildlife trophies granted bail with substantial deposit, sureties and reporting conditions.
* Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act – sections 29(4)(d), 36(1),(5) – bail pending trial – bailable wildlife offences (possession of 47 elephant tusks) – security by deposit or title deed, bond and sureties; surrender of travel documents; reporting and verification requirements.
15 October 2021
Unopposed bail application in high-value wildlife offence granted under EOCCA, subject to substantial monetary/asset security and strict conditions.
* Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – Economic and Organized Crimes Control Act (EOCCA) s.29(4)(d) – High-value wildlife offence (possession of elephant tusks) – Application unopposed – Bail granted. * Conditions of bail – monetary deposit or immovable property as security, bond, sureties, surrender of travel documents, reporting obligations, jurisdictional restriction, verification by Resident Magistrate.
15 October 2021
Conviction for impregnating a schoolgirl quashed for lack of proof and absence of DNA/paternity evidence.
Criminal law – impregnating a schoolgirl (Education Act s.35) – proof beyond reasonable doubt; miscarriage/no child – necessity of DNA/paternity testing; misdirection by trial court; conviction unsafe; appeal allowed.
15 October 2021
Applicant failed to prove sufficient cause to set aside abatement under Order XXII Rule 9(2); application dismissed.
Civil Procedure – Order XXII Rule 9(2) CPC – setting aside abatement – "sufficient cause" requirement; Time computation – Order XXII Rule 3 and Item 16 Part III Law of Limitation Act – 90 days from date of death to apply as legal representative; Evidence – Sections 110 and 111 Evidence Act – burden to exhibit documentary proof (minutes, filing/exchequer receipts); Illegality – must be apparent on face of record/decision to warrant relief; illegality as ground for extension of time, not for Rule 9(2) abatement setting aside.
15 October 2021
High Court lacks jurisdiction to hear EOCCA bail application where charge sheet omits pecuniary value.
* Criminal procedure – Bail – EOCCA s.29(4)(a),(d) – High Court jurisdiction contingent on pecuniary value of property involved (Tshs 10,000,000 or more). * Charge sheet requirements – absence of ascribed pecuniary value precludes High Court competence to hear bail application.
15 October 2021
Sickness (including outpatient treatment) can constitute sufficient cause to extend time for filing an appeal.
Extension of time to appeal – sufficient cause – sickness as cause – outpatient treatment admissible evidence – requirement to account for each day of delay – Law of Marriage Act s.80(2) (45-day appeal period).
13 October 2021
An uncontested, properly published petition with no caveat justifies grant of letters of administration with procedural directions.
* Probate/Administration – Grant of letters of administration where deceased died intestate – petition published and no caveat filed. * Procedure – Uncontested petition and compliance with publication enabling appointment. * Post-appointment directions – filing of inventory and scheduling of further hearing.
13 October 2021
Applicants granted bail subject to mandatory EOCCA conditions, cash/title security, sureties, travel-document surrender, and execution before Deputy Registrar.
* Criminal procedure – Bail in economic offences – Mandatory statutory conditions under section 36(5)(a) EOCCA where actual money/property exceeds TSh 10,000,000. * Statutory interpretation – "Shall" in EOCCA imposes mandatory preconditions; limited judicial discretion. * Co-accused – Application of burden-sharing in fixing principal sum for bail where counts relate to same loss/principal. * Bail conditions – cash bond or immovable property equivalent, sureties, surrender of travel documents, leave-restriction, execution before Deputy Registrar.
13 October 2021
Court granted letters of administration after published citation and absence of any caveat, appointing the petitioner as administrator.
Probate and administration – Grant of letters of administration where deceased died intestate – Publication in Government Gazette and newspaper for general citation – Absence of caveat — Non‑contentious petition – Directions to file inventory and return for hearing.
13 October 2021